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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 4: Muscular/Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Muscular/Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

what cells “use energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate force?”

A

muscle cells/myocytes/fibres

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2
Q

what contraction of muscle tissue produces

A
  • body movement
  • posture
  • heat
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3
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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4
Q

Is skeletal muscle controlled voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

voluntarily

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5
Q

what type of muscle tissue has the function for “movement; posture; heat; protection)

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

location of skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones by tendons

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7
Q

x3 structural aspects of skeletal muscle

A
  1. appear striated
  2. cylindrical fibres
  3. multinucleate
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8
Q

smallest skeletal muscle

A

stapedius muscle

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9
Q

true or false,
“the strapedius provides
 Stability of smallest human bone (stapes) in ear
 Modify intensity of sound that’s transmitted through to our hearing
 Prevent hyperacusis; tympanic reflex; Bell’s Palsy”

A

true

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10
Q

largest skeletal muscle

A

sartorius

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11
Q

true or false
“the sartorius acts as the hip and knee flexor”

A

false
“the sartorius functions as a…
 Hip: flexor, lateral rotator, abductor
 Knee: flexor”

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12
Q

what causes the striations in the myocytes/muscle cells?

A

highly organised arrangement of myofibrils in cells

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13
Q

what component of a myocyte are
“striped tubular structures extending length of the cell”

A

myofibrils

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14
Q

inside the myofibrils what component makes the striation lines?

A

myofilaments

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15
Q

the myofibrils are composed of x2 types of myofilaments, thick and thin
what are each thick and thin filament made of?

A

thin filament = actin
thick filament = myosin

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16
Q

the grouped/segmented arrangement of _____ are called _____. These DO NOT extend length of muscle cell

A

the grouped/segmented arrangement of (myofilaments) are called (sarcomeres). there DO NOT extend length of the muscle cell

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17
Q

true or false
“the filaments overlap to produce striations in myofibril”

A

true

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18
Q

describe function of each…
A band; I band ; H zone; M line; Z disc; titin

A

A band = Distance between 2 ends of thick filaments
I band = spans end of thick filament > Z line > next sarcomere
H zone = middle; no overlap of thick/thin filaments
M line = middle of sarcomere to hold thick filaments together
Z disc = pass through centre of I band
Titin = provide resting tension in I band, molecular spring

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19
Q

what component is a contractile and functional unit of a myofibril?

A

sarcomere

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20
Q

true or false
“Z discs separate sarcomeres”

A

true

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21
Q

name the x5 CT components of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest

A
  1. epimysium
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
  4. sarcolemma
  5. sarcoplasm
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22
Q

function of the epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle
- allow for separate function

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23
Q

function of the perimysium

A

surrounds the fascicles

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24
Q

function of the endomysium

A

surrounds muscle cells

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25
function of the sarcolemma
cell plasma membane
26
what is the sarcoplasm
muscle cell cytoplasm
27
true or false "the heart needs to contract in uniform/controlled way and generate force"
true
28
is the cardiac muscle control involuntary or voluntary?
involuntary
29
x3 structural features of the cardiac muscle
1. striated + branched 2. single central nucleus 3. fibres join end-to-end through intercalated discs
30
what x2 components do intercalated discs contain
1. desmosomes 2. gap junctions
31
function of desmosomes in intercalated discs
Adhesion junctions anchor cell membranes to intermediate filament in contraction
32
true or false "gap junctions in intercalated discs form communication between cells via electrical impulses to co-ordinate and perform rapid conduction"
true
33
what are "specialised muscle cells that conduct electrical activity around the heart"
purkinje fibres
34
do smooth muscle contain striations?
NO
35
locations where... 1. smooth muscle has gap junctions 2. smooth muscle NO gap junctions
1. gut 2. iris
36
x5 possible locations where smooth muscle is found
* Intestines = peristalsis * Blood vessel walls = constriction * Iris of eye * Reproductive; urinary; digestive; respiratory systems * Skin erector pili
37
what type of muscle are these structural components from? i. Short, small, spindle shape… thickest in middle ii. No striations iii. Single, central nucleus
smooth muscle
38
what happens to cell during contraction of smooth muscle
shrinks + twists
39
x2 subdivisions + components of the nervous system
1. CNS: spine, brain, optic nerve 2. PNS: all nervous tissue outside of the CNS
40
x2 subdivisions + function of the PNS
1. sensory/afferent division: info to CNS 2. motor/efferent division: info from CNS to organs (muscles + glands)
41
the nervous system helps to... - maintain _____ - initiate _____ movement - high functions _____, _____, _____
the nervous system helps to... - maintain (homeostasis) - initiate (voluntary) movement - high functions (perception), (behaviour), (memory)
42
what are the x3 major functions activities of the nervous system activities are grouped in
1. sensory 2. integrative 3. motor
43
what major function of sensory; integrative; motor carry out... "info collection; detection of internal/external stimuli and transfer to CNS"
sensory
44
what is function of integrative function
Take info and use it for something; analysis and storing of info
45
what is the function of integrative function
Take info and use it for something; analysis and storing of info
46
what is the function of motor functions
Action; stimulation of effectors (muscle and glands) through PNS
47
x2 types of nerve cells
- neurons - neuroglia
48
true or false, neurons are large nerve cells that function to "conscious and unconscious control"
true
49
what type of nerve cell "supportive cells - small (collective term for lots of different types of cells)"
neuroglia
50
X3 structure features of neurons
- short cell body - branched dendrites for nerve impulses (action potentials) - single axon for conducting nerve impulses to another neuron/tissue
51
x2 Neuron structural components + function
1. Dendrites = receive/input part of neuron 2. Axon = carry nerve impulse away from neuron
52
true or false neurons divide and have a low metabolic rate
FALSE Neurons - DO NOT divide - High metabolic rate (glucose)
53
structure and function of MULTIPOLAR neurons
I. Have 2 or more dendrites + single axon II. Most common neurons in CNS III. All motor neurons (control skeletal muscle) are in this class IV. Some of longest (spinal cord > toe muscles)
54
structure and function of BIPOLAR neurons
I. X2 processes (1 dendritic process + 1 axon) II. Cell body between axon and dendrite III. Rare + small IV. Special sense organs relay info from receptor > neurons
55
structure and function of UNIPOLAR neurons
I. Dendrites and axon continuous II. Cell body off to one side Can go from dendrites > axon III. Whole thing from where dendrites converge called axon IV. Most sensory nerves are unipolar V. Very long; like motor nerves: CNS > toe top
56
structure and function of ANAXONIC neurons
I. Rare + function poorly understood II. Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons III. Found in brain + special sense organs
57
are these features part of neurons or neuroglia? - Found in CNS and PNS - Smaller than neurons/more numerous - Do NOT propagate action potentials… chemical communicate - Can DIVIDE within mature nervous system (Damage to brain; neuroglia will line area of damage)
neuroglia
58
x5 functions of the neuroglia
1. Physical structure of nervous tissue; substance of nervous system 2. Repair framework of nervous tissue 3. Phagocytosis; gobble up debris and bacteria 4. Maintain nutrient supply to/around neurons 5. Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
59
CNS neuroglia classifications (x4)
- astrocytes - oligodendrocytes - microglia - ependymal cells
60
Structures and functions of astrocytes
a) Star shaped; largest; most numerous of neuroglia Syncytium network b) Support (contain microfilaments) + repair (scar) c) Communicate with neurons via ‘gliotransmitters’ (eg. glutanmate) d) Maintain environment around neuron (eg. Regulate ions) e) Maintain blood-brain barrier via endothelium.
61
structure and function of oligodendrocytes
a) Form insulating multi-layered myelin sheath (protein lipid layer) around CNS axons b) Can myelinate more than 1 neuron cell’s axon; connection between neuron axon’s. Accelerate action potential
62
structure and function of microglia
Protection: Phagocytic (resident macrophages)
63
structure and function of ependymal cells
a) Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) b) Line CSF – filled ventricles in brain and central canal of spinal cord c) Single layer of cuboidal cells have cilia – flow of CSF around the brain – and microvilli – SA for sampling CSF for modifications d) Located in ventricles and other CSF locations e) CSF mechanical buffer: moves nutrients + waste
64
PNS neuroglia classifications (x2)
Schwann cells Satellite cells
65
structure and function of Schwann cells
equiv. to CNS oligodendrocyte Form insulating myelin sheath around axons Support around several non-myelinated axons - x1 schwann cell per axon for myelination but more axons/cell if just support
66
structure and function of satellite cells
equiv. to astrocytes in CNS a) Surround neuron cell bodies b) Support + fluid exchange

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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