Lecture 6: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards by Sophie Hurley

what powers cellular work

ATP

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what is the ATP factory

Mitochondria

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what releases energy

hydrolysis (breaking of bonds) of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate

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what is energy transferred between when ATP is mediator

between complex and simple molecules

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true or false,
“glucose is a simple molecule part of the ATP cycle”

true

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true or false,
“glycogen is the complex molecule part of the ATP cycle”

true

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when the simple molecule _____ is digested it can be built up/anabolic reactions to make more _____ _____ glycogen

when the simple molecule (glucose) is digested it can be built up/anabolic reactions to make more (complex) (molecule) glycogen

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what is released when simple glucose molecules form complex glycogen molecules, vice versa

heat

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what is carbohydrate metabolism

breakdown of glucose

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what are each of these components broken down into…
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. fats

simple sugars
amino acids
simple fats

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true or false,
“carbohydrates, proteins, fats are absorbed before being broken down”

FALSE
carbohydrates, proteins, fats are absorbed AFTER being broken down

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step-by-step process for glucose in food/intestines to perform cellular work

glucose in food/intestines… gut to bloodstream
glucose in bloodstream
glucose into cell
cellular respiration
cellular work

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what facilitates glucose from bloodstream to cell

insulin in pancreas

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step-by-step process for glucose in food/intestines to storage unless turned into cellular work

glucose in food/intestines
glucose in bloodstream
into cell
storage for harder times
glucose back into bloodstream and into cell unless it goes to be used for cellular respiration and work

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what facilitates storage of glucose back to bloodstream

glucagon

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name for cross-linked glucose in liver and skeletal muscle… storage

glycogen

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what allows for the uptake of glucose into the cells

insulin

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what is stored in liver as glycogen

excess energy not used in cellular respiration

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define homeostasis

maintenance of relatively constant conditions within physiologically tolerable limits

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name for when blood glucose levels increase

hyperglycemia

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name for when blood glucose levels decrease

hypoglycemia

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what is cellular respiration

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

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x4 steps of conversion of glucose to ATP

glycolysis
Private oxidation
Citric acid cycle (Krebs)
e- transport chain

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location and function of glycolysis step

cytosol - breakdown of glucose

location and function of pyruvate oxidation

matrix - link step required to get from glycolysis to citric acid cycle

location of Krebs cycle

matrix

location and function of the e- transport chain

at proteins within inner membrane - process of chemical osmosis

what is produced in glycolysis

x2 ATP x2 NADH

what are NADH

electron carrier in e- transport chain

is O2 required for glycolysis

what begins glycolysis process

breakdown of glucose into x2 pyruvate

what are the x2 pyruvate molecules used for

mitochondria for cellular respiration... oxidised to compound called acetyl CoA

True or false, "the pyruvate oxidation step does not produce ATP"

True

purpose of the pyruvate oxidation

link glycolysis to citric acid cycle

what does pyruvate oxidation from

acetyl CoA

true or false "O2 is required in the pyruvate oxidation step"

true

what does the citric acid cycle produce

- X2 ATP - X6 NADH; electron donor in transport chain - X2 FADH2: electron donor in transport chain - X4 CO2

what is required in the citric acid cycle

O2 - aerobic process

true or false "Citric cell cycle contains intermediates which feed in and out of other paths to… interconnectedness "

true

what step completes the extraction of energy from glucose

citric acid cycle

true or false, "the product of 1 reaction is the product of the next"

FALSE the product of 1 reaction is the SUBSTRATE of the next

what is substrate phosphorylation

- ATP generated by direct transfer (from substrate) of phosphate group to ADP - Glycolosis and Citric acid cycle make ATP via substrate phosphorylation

what is oxidative phosphorylation

ATP generated from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the subsequent transfer of electrons and pumping of protons

does the electron transport chain require O2

YES, requires O2 - aerobic process

where does the e- transport chain occur

at proteins within the inner membrane

describe the process of e- transport chain

- NADH and FADH2 oxidised to donate e- - Electron transfer from protein-to-protein along the chain in series of redox reactions - At each transfer, each e- gives up a small amount of energy which enables H+ ions to be pumped into the intermembrane space - Oxygen “pulls” the electrons down the chain, and is then the final electron acceptor where it is reduced to water (NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and Citric acid cycle are used here)

what builds up the potential to drive the ATP synthase turbine

X3 complexes of 4 are called proton pumps. Able to transfer H+ from matrix and up into intermembrane orange space

how much ATP does chemiosmosis produce per glucose

26 or 28 ATP

H+ in intermembrane space rush down their concentration gradient (chemiosmosis) through ATP synthase "what direction is this"

high to low concentration

what does the turning of the turbine in ATP synthase enable?

phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP

what step does bulk of ATP production occur at

oxidative phosphorylation

what processes do oxidative phosphorylation inc.

- ETC - chemisomosis

what can block the passage of e- to O2 which lead to cell death

cyanide

is O2 required in the oxidative phosphorylation

Yes, O2 is required

what does it mean by "cellular respiration is versatile"

derive energy from more than just energy - fats - proteins - complex carbohydrates

what can be rate limiting in 3rd step in glycolysis stage

phosphofructokinase

what happens in a negative feedback loop where if there’s citrate high levels of citrate and high levels of ATP

it will be inhibited... be less citrate and less ATP.

what is Inhibited by citrate and ATP (cellular respiration products)

phosphofructokinase

what is Stimulated by AMP (accummulates when ATP is used rapidly)

phosphofructokinase

what is the suffix in hormones

- on

where is insulin produced

beta cells of islets of langerhands in pancreas

function of insulin

promote glucose uptake into cells (for ATP production of storage in liver)

what is glucagon produced by

alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas

function of glucagon

stimulate breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels (glucagon acts on glycogen)

what function is lost when these things occur - No glucose in cells - No ATP from glucose - No glycogen stored for harder times

function of insulin lost

what happens due to diabetes mellitus

The ability to produce or respond to the hormone insuline is impared results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in blood

cause of diabetes mellitus

- lack of functional insulin - glucose levels in blood build up beyond homeostatic limits - increased blood glucose alters volume and osmolarity of blood, with subsequent pathological consequences

is type 1 diabetes insulin dependent or non-dependent

insulin-dependent

is type 2 diabetes insulin dependent or non-insulin-dependent

non-insulin-dependent

what type of diabetes does this describe o Body doesn’t produce insulin… Beta cells of pancreas destroyed, often this is autoimmune, genetic, environemntal factor o Requires insulin replacement o Affects 5-10% of diabetics, onset usually occurs in chldren/adolescents

type 1

what type of diabetes does this describe o Body produces insulin bit receptors are non functional > insulin resistance o Can be linked to other pathologies and obesity o Most (90%) diabetics, usually adults over age 40yrs

type 2

contradictory symptoms in diabetes

1. significantly increased hunger 2. significant weight loss

process of hyperglycemia

stimulus = increase blood glucose receptor = beta cells in pancreas islets secrete insulin effectors = all body cells response = increased... - rate of glucose transport into target cells - rate of glucose use and ATP generation - conversion of glucose > glycogen restored = decrease blood glucose

process of hypoglycemia

stimulus = decrease blood glucose receptor = alpha cells in pancreas islets secrete glucagon effectors = liver, skeletal muscle, adipose cells response = increased... - breakdown of glycogen to glucose (in liver, skeletal muscle) restored = decrease blood glucose

Lecture 6: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards

(75 cards)