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Neuro Block 7 > Lecture 1: Cerebrum Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Cerebrum Overview Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Parts of cerebrum

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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2
Q

Parts of telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex and subcortical regions

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3
Q

Parts of diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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4
Q

Parts of CNS

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord and roots

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5
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus lie where?

A

Lateral to the 3rd ventricle

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6
Q

The cerebrum develops from what?

A

Prosencephalon (single vesicle)

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7
Q

As the ______ grows, it surrounds the ______

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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8
Q

Single brain vesicle (prosencephalon) will divide into ______?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

What happens to the cortex when the sulci and gyri form?

A

It remains as one continuous sheet

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10
Q

What is considered the “hidden” lobe of the cerebral cortex?

A

Insular lobe

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11
Q

Where is the insular lobe located?

A

Within the lateral fissure

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12
Q

What are the deep subcortical structures of the telencephalon and where are they located?

A

Basal ganglia and claustrum (insular and frontal lobes)

Amygdala (medial temporal lobe)

Hippocampal complex (medial temporal lobe)

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13
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Region receiving sensory input

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14
Q

Visual

A

Area 17 - striate cortex, input from lateral geniculate nucelus

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15
Q

Somatosensory

A

Postcentral gyrus, input from VPL/VPM thalamic nuclei

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16
Q

Auditory

A

Transverse gyri in the lateral fissure, input from medial geniculate nucleus

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17
Q

Vestibular

A

Insular/parietal cortex in lateral fissure, input from VPL thalamic nuclei

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18
Q

Taste

A

Insular/parietal cortex in lateral fissure, input from VPM thalamic nuclei

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19
Q

Olfactory

A

Multiple cortical (and subcortical) regions, input from olfactory tract

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20
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Origin of corticospinal/corticonuclear projections

Mainly pre central gyrus and frontal eye fields for Oculomotor UMNs

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21
Q

Secondary (unimodal) association cortex

A

Input from/to primary cortex, one kind of sensation
Sensory and motor
Motor: plans motor movements, projects to primary motor cortex

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22
Q

Which cortex area processes complex information?

A

Secondary association cortex

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23
Q

Tertiary (hetero/multi-modal) association cortex

A

Input from unimodal association cortex of more than one sensory/motor system
Ex. Wernicke’s area (language): auditory, visual, and sometimes touch (Braille)

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24
Q

Which cortex processes input from more than one sensory/motor system?

A

Tertiary association cortex

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25
Thalamocortical fibers
Somatosensory input and cerebrocerebellar system
26
Corticocortical afferents
Input to cortex from other regions
27
Interneurons
Short/local projections within the same cortical region, filter information
28
Projection fibers
Corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine (output from cortex)
29
Corticocortical efferents
Output from cortex
30
Diffuse neurochemical system input
Ach, dopamine, norepi
31
Cortical histology: name the 6 lamina of the cortex from superficial to deep
1. Molecular layer 2. External granular layer 3. External pyramid layer 4. Internal granular layer 5. Internal pyramid layer 6. Polymorphic layer
32
Where is there laminar variability?
Across cortical regions
33
What is Brodmann's map?
Separates the brain into functional areas histologically
34
Cerebral hemispheres are connected by what 2 major white matter tracts?
Corpus callosum and anterior commissure
35
Parts of corpus callosum
Rostrum, genu, body, splenium
36
What does the anterior commissure connect?
Temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs
37
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
Connects occipital, parietal, and frontal lobes
38
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
Connects frontal and occipital lobes?
39
Uncinate fasciculus
Connects temporal and frontal lobes
40
Arcuate fasciculus
Connects language areas (Wernicke's and Broca's)
41
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Connects occipital and frontal lobes
42
Cingulum bundle
Connections throughout cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
43
Short association fibers
Connect neighboring gyri (of same hemisphere), aka U fibers, arcuate fibers
44
Motor projections descend through the internal capsule to the ______, onward through the basilar pons, pyramids, LCST
Cerebral peduncle (crus cerebri)
45
Regions of supratentorial
Telencephalon, diencephalon
46
What do we test for in the supratentorial compartment?
Awake and oriented, mental status, CN 1 and 2, olfactory and visual systems, language, cognition, memory, emotional and behavioral regulation, and hypothalamic/pituitary functions
47
Regions of infratentorial compartment
Brainstem and cerebellum
48
What do we test for in the infratentorial compartment?
CN 3-12, motor coordination and balance
49
Vertebral compartment contains what? And what is tested?
Spinal cord, dorsal and ventral roots | Motor and somatosensory exams, reflexes
50
Peripheral level: nerves and autonomics tests for what?
Somatic and visceral nerves, reflexes
51
Unique functions of supratentorial
Olfactory and visual systems, language, cognition, memory, emotional and behavioral regulation, hypothalamic/pituitary functions
52
Longitudinal functions of supratentorial
Awake and oriented, mental status | Brainstem-thalamus-cortex network
53
Cranial nerves UMNs are located where?
Supratentorial compartment - cortex
54
Motor systems of supratentorial
Strength and coordination | Corticospinal, corticobulbar/corticonuclear, cerebrocerebellar (coordination), and basal ganglia (coordination)
55
Somatosensory systems of supratentorial
ALS and DC-ML
56
Course of MCA
From circle of willis over insular to lateral cerebral surface
57
What artery supplies the medial and dorsolateral parts of frontal, parietal, and cingulate gyrus?
ACA
58
What artery supplies ventral and some lateral surface of temporal and occipital lobes? (and some lateral cortex)
PCA
59
Arterial supply of orbitofrontal cortex
ACA
60
There are watershed regions where?
Borders of middle and anterior arteries
61
Arterial territories contain what
Some white matter deep to cerebral cortex
62
What are borderline zones of arterial territories where smaller branches can anastomose called?
Watersheds
63
______ border in the anterior end of the temporal lobe has variable location: ___ may cover all of ventral and medial surface, or ___ anterior division may reach this surface
PCA-MCA border PCA MCA
64
Collateral blood flow
One artery can compensate for impaired blood flow in another
65
Watershed infarct
When anastomoses collapse during hypotension/hypovolemia
66
Transient episodes of _____ can selectively produce a watershed infarct
Hypoxia
67
Anastomoses of the circle of willis are most important when which arteries are compromised?
One of the cerebral arteries
68
Tumors typically _____ local function, but can also
Suppress, stimulate/irritate
69
Temporal profile of tumors
Insidious onset
70
Pathology type of tumors
Focal, with localizing signs
71
The amygdala sits mostly rostral to the ______, but also extends caudally and just superior/dorsal to the ______
Hippocampus
72
What region is critical for long term memory, helps cortex store memories, regulates emotion and stress responses, and interacts with the hypothalamus?
Hippocampus
73
What structure is station adjacent to the 3rd ventricle, superior to the midbrain, and adjacent to several other subcortical structures (parts of basal ganglia or basal nuclei) specifically caudate nucleus and putamen
Thalamus
74
Visual nucleus of thalamus
LGN - lateral geniculate nucleus
75
Auditory nucleus of thalamus
MGN - medial geniculate nucleus
76
Somatosensory nucleus of thalamus
VPL and VPM - ventral posterior lateral/medial
77
Taste nucleus of thalamus
VPM - ventral posterior medial
78
Motor nuclei of thalamus
VA and VL | VL = cerebrocerebellum, both part of feedback loop between cortex and basal ganglia (nuclei)

Neuro Block 7 (8 decks)

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