Lecture 1: Classification Schemes

Question 1

When did the classification schemes started? And how many kingdom did it started? Who developed it?

Answer 1

1735 with 2- Kingdom
systems developed by Linnaeus

Question 2

He “Latinized” the names of animals
and plants

Answer 2

Carl Linnaeus

Question 3

What did Carl Linnaeus proposed?

Answer 3

Two kingdoms
namely Animalia (animals) and Vegetabilia (plants) based on their similarities

Question 4

Linnaeus is credited for system in naming the organism known as

Answer 4

Binomial
Nomenclature

Question 5

The book includes classification and
names of animals in Latin.

Answer 5

Systema Naturae authored by Linnaeus in 1758

Question 6

What does Regnum refers to?

Answer 6

Kingdom or Dominion

Question 7

Refers to
quadropeds (four-legged) that are vertebrate animals (cattle, dogs, etc.)

Answer 7

Quadrupedia

Question 8

Refers to warm-blooded
vertebrates constituting the birds

Answer 8

Aves

Question 9

Consist of cold-blooded animals that could thrive in land and water

Answer 9

Amphibia

Question 10

Refers to the worms which is no longer an accepted name
(taxon) for non-arthropod invertebrate animals

Answer 10

Vermes

Question 11

A German biologist and professor who discovered,
described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms

Answer 11

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (Ernst Haeckel)

Question 12

His 1866 tree of life that shows three kingdoms: Plantae, Protista and Animalia is called?

Answer 12

Generelle Morphologie der Organismen

Question 13

In his tree of life, primitive forms of life are found ___________ whereas, advanced forms are found at ______________.

Answer 13

Primitive forms of life are found close to the trunk of the tree whereas, advanced forms are found at the tips of the branches.

Question 14

A French biologist who first characterized the distinction between the eukaryotic and
prokaryotic systems of cellular organization

Answer 14

Édouard Chatton

Question 15

Chatton coined the terms in his 1925 paper

Answer 15

Pansporella perplex:
Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa.

Question 16

Chatton proposed the conceptual basis for taxa at the highest level by recognizing two general patterns of cellular organization

Answer 16

the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes

Question 17

Organisms without a definite nucleus and
individualized mitochondria which include the bacteria and related (affined) forms

Answer 17

prokaryotes

Question 18

Are organisms equipped with nucleus, mitochondria and organelles, like algae, plants, animals, etc.

Answer 18

eukaryotes

Question 19

An American biologist who contributed the fourth kingdom, Monera

Answer 19

Herbert Faulkner Copeland

Question 20

In 1966, Copeland included bacteria and one of the most primitive algae called?

Answer 20

blue green algae

Question 21

Monera are described as

Answer 21

unicellular organisms without nucleus (prokaryotic cell organization).

Question 22

His father, Herbert F. Copeland (contributed the 4th Kingdom Monera) and known as America’s leading pteridologists (study of ferns).

Answer 22

Dr. Edwin B. Copeland

Question 23

Dr. Edwin B. Copeland is known for founding the ______________ which is part of the University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna in year _______.

Answer 23

The University of the Philippines College of Agriculture, year 1909.

Question 24

Copeland Gymnasium is named after Dr. E.B. Copeland and this huge structure is located within __________.

Answer 24

the College of
Veterinary Medicine, UPLB.

Question 25

An American plant ecologist who first proposed the five-kingdom scheme in 1969

Answer 25

Robert Harding Whittaker

Question 26

Robert Harding Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom scheme in year______, consisting:

Answer 26

Monera, Protista, Plants, Animals and Fungi

Question 27

In Whittaker five-kingdom scheme, Fungi is treated a separate kingdom consisting of:

Answer 27

multicellular eukaryotic organisms that includes the yeast (unicellular), molds and mushrooms (multicellular eukaryotic organisms)

Question 28

This classification which categorized biome-types upon two abiotic factors: __________ and _________, called____________?

Answer 28

temperature and precipitation, Whittaker Biome Classification

Question 29

An American microbiologist who proposed the 6-kingdom scheme

Answer 29

Carl R. Woese

Question 30

Woese 6-kingdom scheme consisted

Answer 30

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protista

Question 31

Carl Woese and ____________ were well-known in discovering and defining the_________.

Answer 31

George E. Fox; Archaea

Question 32

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are both

Answer 32

unicellular and prokaryotic but differ significantly in cell wall compositions and other features.

Question 33

Archaebacteria (Archaea) are and having a _____________ peptidoglycan layer of phospholipids in the cell membranes

Answer 33

devoid, branched chain (monolayer)

Question 34

Eubacteria (“true bacteria”, bacteria) ________ peptidoglycan and having phospholipid ________ in the membrane.

Answer 34

have peptidoglycan, bilayer

Question 35

Plantae, Animalia are both _________ and _________ Animalia has no _______ and it is present in Kingdom ________ Fungi and Protista both comprised of _____________ and _________ organisms.

Answer 35

multicellular and eukaryotic; cell wall, Plantae; unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic

Question 36

In 1990, the historic paper "_____________" authored by ________________ proposed a new category of classification of life - __________, a classification category _________ Kingdom

Answer 36

"Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya."; Carl R. Woese, Otto Kandler, & Mark L. Wheelis; the Domain; above

Question 37

_________, _____________ and _____________ used the small subunit of RNA (rRNA)* as the _______________.

Answer 37

Woese, Kandler and Wheelis; evolutionary chronometer (evolutionary clock)

Question 38

Woese, Kandler and Wheelis used rRNA: ________ for Prokaryotes; _______ for Eukaryotes

Answer 38

16S rRNA; 18S rRNA

Question 39

The vertical line at the base of the tree of life represents ___________. Archaea were more closely related to _______________ than to _____________.

Answer 39

the last universal common ancestor (LUCA); the eukaryotes (including humans) than bacteria

Question 40

The rRNA was used by Woese, Kandler and Wheelis due the 3 following reasons:

Answer 40

1. It is ubiquitous or universally distributed in all life and functions similarly between organisms (rRNA participates in protein synthesis). 2. Its nucleotide sequence is relatively conserved or changes slowly but yet containing enough variability to determine evolutionary relationships. This property is good for looking across long periods of time (evolutionary relationship). 3. Since the nucleotide sequences can be determined, it can be aligned or matched up between 2 organisms facilitating ease of comparison.

Question 41

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Presence of true membrane-bound nucleus: Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 41

Bacteria: No Archaea: No and Eukarya: Yes

Question 42

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains DNA complexed with histones: Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 42

Bacteria: No Archaea: Some and Eukarya: Yes

Question 43

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Chromosomes: Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 43

Bacteria: Usually one circular chromosomes Archaea: One circular chromosome and Eukarya: More than one; chromosomes are linear

Question 44

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Plasmids: Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 44

Bacteria: Very common Archaea: Very common and Eukarya: Rare

Question 45

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Introns in genes Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 45

Bacteria: Rare Archaea: Rare and Eukarya: Yes

Question 46

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Nucleolus Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 46

Bacteria: No Archaea: No and Eukarya: Yes

Question 47

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Mitochondria, Chloroplast, ER, Golgi and Lysosomes Observed Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 47

Bacteria: No Archaea: No and Eukarya: Yes

Question 48

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Plasma Membrane Lipids Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 48

Bacteria: Ester-linked phospholipids and hopanoids Archaea: Glycerol diethers and diglycerol tetraethers and Eukarya: Ester-linked phospholipids and sterols

Question 49

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Flagella Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 49

Bacteria: Submicroscopic in size, filament composed of single type flagellin Archaea: Submicroscopic in size, filament composed of multiple different type flagellins and Eukarya: Microscopic in size, membrane bound; usually 20 microtubules in 9+2 pattern

Question 50

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Ribosome Size and Structure Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 50

Bacteria: 70S; 3 rRNAs; ~55 ribosomal proteins Archaea: 70S; most have 3 rRNAs ~68 ribosomal proteins and Eukarya: 80S; 4 rRNAs and 80 ribosomal proteins

Question 50

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 50

Bacteria: Yes Archaea: No and Eukarya: No

Question 51

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Cytoskeleton Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 51

Bacteria: Rudimentary Archaea: Rudimentary and Eukarya: No

Question 52

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Gas Vesicles Bacteria: ____________ Archaea: ____________ and Eukarya: __________

Answer 52

Bacteria: Yes Archaea: Yes and Eukarya: No

Question 53

Part of Domain Eukarya: With multicellular, no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

Answer 53

Animalia

Question 54

Part of Domain Eukarya: With multicellular, cellulose cell walls; usually photoautorotrophic

Answer 54

Plantae

Question 55

Part of Domain Eukarya: Unicellular or multicellular, cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

Answer 55

Fungi

Question 56

A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms (they are unicellular and much larger than bacteria and archaea

Answer 56

Protista

Question 57

Enteric bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella typhus, Legionella, Heliobacter pylorii (cause of many ulcers), Neisseria gonorrhea (cause of gonorrhea). These bacteria are very closely related to eukaryotic mitochondria.

Answer 57

Proteobacteria

Question 58

Photosynthetic ‘blue-green’ bacteria = produce O2 gas. Over 2 billion years ago, these bacteria made the O2 rich atmosphere in which we live. These bacteria are very closely related to eukaryotic chloroplasts.

Answer 58

Cyanobacteria

Question 59

Spiral bacteria: cause syphilis, Lyme disease

Answer 59

Spirochaetes

Question 61

Chlorobiaceae are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that use sulfide or elemental sulfur and, in some species and part of _______ Major Group.

Answer 61

Green sulfur bacteria:

Question 62

Are gram-negative nonsporing anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the digestive tract

Answer 62

Bacteriodes

Question 63

Thermophilic or hyperthermophilic typically a rod-shaped cell enveloped in an outer cell membrane (the 'toga')

Answer 63

Thermotaga

Question 64

This domain are known to have the ability to live or thrive in extreme environments

Answer 64

Domain Archaea

Question 65

This domain is comprised of microorganisms that are beneficial to us (as natural flora in our bodies), food, industry, medicine, and agriculture and some of them are disease causing (pathogens)

Answer 65

Domain Bacteria

Question 66

Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. and are decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment.

Answer 66

Methanogens – methane producers

Question 67

isolated from the deepsea Alvin probe, was the first Archaean whose genome was sequenced.

Answer 67

Methanococcus jannaschii

Question 68

Prefer temperatures above 60 0C (up to 110 0C for hyperthermophiles) or near or below freezing. (Some thermophiles will die at room temperature)

Answer 68

Extreme Thermophiles – thrive in high or very low temperatures

Question 69

Thermophiles are usually found in__________.

Answer 69

Thermophiles live in hot sulfur springs (like Yellowstone Park, USA), deep sea hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. (Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis)