lecture 1 - garlands culture of control

Question 1

when was penal welfarism most prominent?

Answer 1

early 1800s to 1970s

Question 2

what are they key themes in garlands chapter ‘a history of the present’?

Answer 2

1. penal welfarism
2. transformation to a ‘culture of control’

Question 3

key themes in penal welfarism (1800s to 1970s)?

Answer 3

• rehabilitation of offenders the core principle of penal system
• political consensus
• the role of penal experts

Question 4

what underpinned penal welfarism?

Answer 4

• low crime rates
• community cohesion
• full employment

Question 5

what was the role of penal experts in penal welfarism instead of? 1800s-1970s

Answer 5

the role of penal experts rather than politicians of the public

Question 6

key themes in the transformation to a ‘culture of control’?

Answer 6

• high levels of crime and insecurity
• loss of faith in penal experts and rehabilitation
• a policy predicament
• paradoxical/ contrasting responses of populism and managerialism

Question 7

what underpinned the transformation to a culture of control?

Answer 7

• all underpinned by a shift in deeper social/ economic structures and cultural sensibilities about crime and punishment
• high crime rates
• community breakdown
• individualism
• unemployment
• inequality

Question 8

when was the era of penal welfarism?

Answer 8

1945-1970

Question 9

what were the key characteristiccs of the era of penal welfarism?

Answer 9

• the rehabilitative ideal as core principle of the penal system
• faith in criminal justice experts
• limited influence for politicians and public opinion on penal policy
• political consensus on crime and punishment
• general belief in the efficacy of state crime control

Question 10

what are the 3 foundational conditions of penal welfarism?

Answer 10

• political-economic conditions
• social conditions
• theoretical conditions (dominant ways of thinking about crime)

Question 11

what are the political-economic conditions of penal welfarism?

Answer 11

• welfare-capitalism
• economic management and social policy to attack major problems of inequality (poverty, bad health, poor education, poor housing etc)

Question 12

what is welfare capitalism?

Answer 12

is a business favoured policy that believes the private sector can provide social welfare programs more effectively than the federal government

Question 13

social conditions for penal welfarism?

Answer 13

-stable/ falling crime rates
- full employment
- stable family structures
- cohesive communities
- informal social controls

Question 14

what are the theoretical conditions for penal welfarism?

Answer 14

• positivist theories of crime causation
  e.g.
• strain theory
• social disorganisation theory
• psychological theories

Question 15

what is garlands first indices of change?

Answer 15

the decline of the rehabilitative ideal

Question 16

what is g second indices of change?

Answer 16

the re-emmergence of punitive sanctions and expressive justice

Question 17

what is g third indices of change?

Answer 17

changes in the emotional tone of crime policy

Question 18

what is g fourth indices of change?

Answer 18

focusing on the victim

Question 19

what is g fifth indices of change?

Answer 19

above all the public must be protected

Question 20

what is g sixth indices of change?

Answer 20

politicisation and populism

Question 21

what is g seventh indices of change?

Answer 21

the reinvention of the prison

Question 22

what is g eighth indices of change?

Answer 22

the transformation of criminological thought

Question 23

what is g ninth indices of change?

Answer 23

the expanding infrastructure of crime prevention and community safety

Question 24

what is g 10th indices of change?

Answer 24

civil society and the commercialisation of crime control

Question 25

what is g eleventh indices of change?

Answer 25

new management styles and working practices

Question 26

what is g 12th indices of change?

Answer 26

a perpetual sense of crisis

Question 27

what were the political conditions in garlands culture of control?

Answer 27

the attack on welfare capitalism - neoliberalism and the new right - conservative dominance and reinvention of the left - economic liberalism - moral authoritarianism - the politicisation of crime and punishment - the role of the mass media

Question 28

what is neoliberalism? what is it contemporarily used to refer to?

Answer 28

market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls deregulating capital markets lowering trade barriers and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state influence in the economy.

Question 29

what is economic liberalism?

Answer 29

based on principles of personal liberty, private property and limited government interference

Question 30

what were the social conditions in new culture of control?

Answer 30

- unemployment and economic recession - changes in family structures - social and spatial mobility: the eroding of community - new middle class insecurity - rapidly rising crime rates

Question 31

what theoretical conditions underpinned the new culture of control?

Answer 31

- the aetiological crisis - nothing works - criminologies of everyday life - risk management and rational choice theories - criminologies of the other - the dangerous other

Question 32

what are the policy predicaments in crime control?

Answer 32

- high crime rates as a normal social fact - the limits of the criminal justice state and the myth of sovereign crime control - the public demand/ expect the state to ensure crime control/ security but the state cannot deliver

Question 33

what 3 adaptive ideologies for crime control?

Answer 33

- accept that the war on crime is unwinnable, crime is an inevitable feature of contemporary life - treat crime as an everyday risk to be managed, rather than an enemy to be defeated - develop pragmatic instrumental approaches to manage/ reduce crime in more efficient and less costly ways

Question 34

features of adaptation

Answer 34

- professionalisation and the rationalisation of criminal justice - the commercialisation of justice - defining deviance down - redefining success - concentrate upon consequences - relocating and redefining responsibilities

Question 35

what is the professionalisation and rationalisation of justice referring to

Answer 35

rise of technology systemisation and rationalisation of criminal justice

Question 36

what is the commercialisation of justice ?

Answer 36

- managerialism - cjs to be more business like - privatisation

Question 37

what is redefining success?

Answer 37

from outcomes to outputs - an economy of efficiency

Question 38

what is concentrating upon consequences?

Answer 38

- fear of crime - customer satisfaction

Question 39

what is relocating and redefining responsibilities?

Answer 39

- responsibilisation below, beyond and above - steering but not rowing

Question 40

what is punitive control strategies?

Answer 40

- respond to predicament by denying it - especially politicians - reactivate and embrace the myth of sovereign state crime control - engage in emotional rituals of condemnation and punishment - 'acting out'

Question 41

what 2 features of punitive control are there?

Answer 41

1. expressive responses 2. punitive segregation

Question 42

what are expressive responses in punitive control?

Answer 42

- denying the myth (of limits to the sovereign power to control crime) - restoring faith in cjs - tough political rhetoric and soundbites and emotional tone -crime and punishment as a key political battleground - privileging of public opinion

Question 43

what is punitive segregation?

Answer 43

- greater use of custody overall - longer sentences/ indeterminate sentences - focus on incapacitation of dangerous and / or repeat offenders - mass incarceration