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responses to crime MCQs > lecture 7.2 crime prevention > Flashcards

lecture 7.2 crime prevention Flashcards

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1
Q

crime prevention was initial justification of what establishment in 1829

A

metro police

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2
Q

what does beccaria say about prevention of crime

A

prevention of crime is one of justifications of punishment
- experience or threat of punishment has deterrent effect on offending behaviour

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3
Q

garland argues prevention of crime is …. to policing and punishment

A

in addition - not simply synonymous

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4
Q

garland argues distinctive concept of prevention is related to
what do we need to do adapt to

A

-growing pessimism about capacity of policing + punishment delivering effective crime control
-need to adapt to normality of high crime rates in LMS

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5
Q

what does adaptation of crime prevention entail methods of

A
  • methods of crime control which seek to manage rather than eliminate crime
  • implies involvement of multiplicity of agencies beyond policies of cj
  • emphasis on responsibility of private citizens to better protect themselves
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6
Q

what is the crisis of criminal justice (multi agency crime prevention concept)

A

the justice gap
reoffending

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7
Q

what is the justice gap

A

difference between estimated offences and those few offences that do come to attention of cjs and actually prosecuted

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8
Q

reactive logic

A
  • criminal justice
  • prosecuting on facts of suspected offender
  • after facts of suspected offence
  • with guilt to be proven beyond reasonable doubt before conviction
  • punishment
  • logic essentially individualistic focusing upon control of individuals
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9
Q

proactive logic

A
  • crime prevention
  • seek to pre-empt offences from occurring in first place through early interventions with individuals and groups perceived to be at risk of offending or victimised
  • through social and economic policies aimed at altering environments that are conductive to o+v
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10
Q

beyond crime? security harm and public safety

A
  • contrasting logics provoke ethical/ political dilemma between maintenance of due process in rule of law
    vs
  • pre emption of allegedly predictable offences + associated harms

dilemma between protecting civil liberties from state surveillance + prevention vs preemption of harms

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11
Q

what is central to increasing interest and justification of preventive responses to crime and security

A

prevention of harm and need to control collective and not just individual behaviour

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12
Q

how many offences are reported to authorities

A

45.2%

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13
Q

how many offences recorded

A

24.3%

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14
Q

how many offences cleared up

A

5.5%

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15
Q

how much caution or conviction? fine/ imprisonment

A

3%

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16
Q

how much crime is sanctioned by custody/ imprisonment?

A

0.3%

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17
Q

reconviction rates damning indictment of ?

A

alleged deterrent, preventive effect of cjs responses to crime is causing offending behaviour that ought to be prevented

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18
Q

for people with more than 50 previous offences the odds of reconvcition are

A

36%

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19
Q

short prison sentences compared to community orders

A
  • short prison sentences shown to be less effective at reducing reoffending
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20
Q

what distinguishes community safety from both crime prevention and crime and disorder reduction?

A

narrow and expansive signifiers

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21
Q

what are policy constructs?

A

concepts which arise out of and reflect often imprecise thinking of policy processes

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22
Q

what are social scientific constructs

A

concepts that arise out of social scientific attempts to provide more coherent, internally consistent, constructs of crime control beyond cj

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23
Q

crime prevention definition

A

any action taken or technique employed by private individuals and groups or public agencies aimed at prevention and reduction of damage caused by acts defined as criminal by the state

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24
Q

what has the predominant focus of crime prevention been on

A

volume personal and property crimes - reflect public fears and anxieties about street crime and disorder rather than corporate and state crimes

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25
community safety definition
a term used in policy circles to describe a local, multi agency partnership approach to reduction of crime and disorder alongside the associated fears among local people - more contentiously and more expansively community safety involves the promotion and achievement of public safety via community engagement and both social policy and criminal justice interventions
26
crime reduction definition
any measure or variety of measured aimed at reducing crime - associated chiefly with targeted and relatively short term situational and policing measures put in place by a variety of local agencies and in line with central gov performance targets - crime reduction is an approach that gives primacy to technical and numerical measurement and the trappings of a scientific evaluation of effectiveness
27
crime reduction is a what approach
more short term, pragmatic approach on managing the risks of crimes in particular situations at specific moments situational risk management
28
crime reduction approach been criticised why
concept of crime control as situational risk management has been criticised for - failing to address the root causes of crime in social relations - simply displacing crime problems to other targets, times and situations that have not been protected
29
4 basic typologies of crime prevention (DAPP)
Dispositional conception Audience conception Population target conception Process conception
30
population target conception 3 types
primary - whole population secondary - at risk groups tertiary - offenders and victims known to the authorities
31
population target conception is gleaned from what research?
public health research transposed into prevention of crime
32
primary prevention of crime
through measures aimed at whole population speed cameras
33
secondary targeting of at risk grouops
truants and substance users who believed to be at risk of offending behaviour given strong correlation between these factors and involvement in personal and property crime
34
tertiary targeting offenders or victims or high crime communities known to authorities
work with prolific and priority offenders repeat and multiple victims crime hotspots
35
audience conception 3 types
offender oriented victim oriented community oriented
36
offender oriented audience conception
work at altering offending behaviour in other works such as through - intensive supervision and surveillance programmes in which criminogenic needs of individuals are assessed - wrap around package of measures developed for rehabilitating and reintegrating to civil society
37
victim oriented audience conception
seeks to prevent crime by altering vulnerability of known victims to further repeat and other multiple victimisation
38
community oriented audience conception
entire communities such as residents of high crime neighbourhoods believed to be vulnerable to crime, prevention oriented around - increasing resilience and immunity of these communities
39
process conception 2 theories
situational crime prevention social crime prevention
40
situational crime prevention - clarke
removal of opps for crime could reduce offences and not simply displace crime elsewhere
41
social crime prevention
counter argues situational crime prevention - situational fails to tackle root causes of crime = human development and disadvantage - criminal careers are shaped by transition in human development and failed by social institutions such as school etc - rather than just immediate siutational opps for offender, desistance from criminal careers nees provision of better parental support, education, employment opps etc
42
dispositional conception = disposition of rival concepts of justice and risk management, specifically their:
orientations = toward offenders, victims, environments of o+v target populations = whole populations, at risk groups, known offenders or victims objectives = to reduce crime, to maintain public order, to provide social service
43
primary victims orietned
whole population target hardening awareness campaigns designing out crime
44
secondary victims oriented
prevention measures for at risk groups risk prediction and asssesment
45
tertiary victims orietned
repeat victim initiatives victim support compensation reparation
46
primary community/ neighourhood oriented
increased formal and natural surveillance neighbourhood watch schemes architectural design environmental planning
47
secondary community/ neighbourhood oriented
targeting at risk groups/ places and sources of conflict within community leisure facilities community mediation
48
tertiary community/ neighbourhood oriented
targeting communities with high levels of crime hot spots prevention as urban regeneration
49
primary offender oriented
citizenship programmes education and socialisation target hardening through increasing effort increasing risks and reducing rewards of crime
50
secondary offender oriented
work with those at risk offending youths unemployed deterence
51
tertiary offender oriented
rehabilitation confronting offending behaviour aftercare diversion programmes
52
primary social prevention
education and socialisation public awareness advertising campaigns neighborhood watch
53
secondary social prevention
work with those at risk of offending youths unemployed community regeneration
54
tertiary social prevention
rehabilitation confronting offending behaviour aftercare diversion reparation
55
primary situational prevention
target hardening surveillance opportunity reduction/ removal environmental design general deterrence
56
secondary situational prevention
target hardening and design measures for at risk groups risk prediction and assessment deterrence
57
tertiary situational prevention
individual deterrence incapacitation assessment of dangerousness and risk
58
criminal justice rules of meaning and membership
prevention about enforcement of criminal law by supporting prosecution and sanctioning offences against this law prevention is a reaction to offences already committed
59
restorative justice rules of meaning and membership
prevention accomplished through negotiation of reparations between offenders and victims through deliberate attempts to circumvent the cj process involving key actors from civil society including faith organisations
60
social justice rules of meaning and membership
prevention accomplished through use of social and economic policies to address problems of social and political exclusion of citizens that are in turn believed to cause social conflicts including criminal victimisation and civil unrest
61
managing the risks of opps for crime and disorder
prevention accomplished by reducing situational opps for crime and by increasing risk and effort of offending behaviour whilst reducing its rewards
62
managing the risks of criminal careers
prevention is accomplished through early interventions with groups at risk of embarking on offending careers and through desistance programmes for prolific and priority offenders
63
key characteristics of maintenance regimes
maintenance of cj as principal policy response to crime notwithstanding severe criticism of the ineffectiveness of puntivie, offender-oriented, agendas
64
key characteristics of developmental regimes
cj policy remains principal response to crime but is augmented by forms of risk management
65
key characterisitcs of reformist regimes
cj policy is reformed to place greater emphasis on diversion of offender and victims away frm cj and penal process and towards civil remedies, including reparation and other forms of restorative justice
66
key characteristics of transformative regimes
cj policy replaced as principal policy response by a social justice agenda on crime that focuses on social and economic conditions that generate offending, victimisation and civil unrest - in particular gross social and economic inequalities and exclusion of social groups from effective political participation
67
key characteristics of failed regimes
a situation in which the policy response to crime drifts as rival agendas cancel each other out and as other challenges inhibit the stabilisation of policy agendas, including severe reductions in public services

responses to crime MCQs (14 decks)

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