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BS12001 > Lecture 1 - Hybridization + Bonding > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Hybridization + Bonding Flashcards

1
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Groups of atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

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2
Q

What were the 2 types of bonds mentioned in the lecture powerpoint?

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Covalent
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3
Q

Explain what a covalent bond is

A

A bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons between them.

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4
Q

Explain what an ionic bond is

A

An ionic bond is an electrostatic attraction between a positive ion and negative ion.

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5
Q

Name some VSEPR Theory molecule shapes

A

Trigonal planar, linear, bent, etc.

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6
Q

What is the VSEPR theory?

(Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion pronounced Ves-pur* or *ves-seh-per)

A

It is a theory in chemistry that allows scientists to predict the shape of molecules from determining the number of electron pairs of a molecule

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7
Q

What is the following notation called:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

A

Electronic configuration

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8
Q

Point to the s-block, d-block, p-block and f-block elements in the following periodic table then check if you’re correct:

A

Notice that helium is an s-block element.

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9
Q

What is an orbital?

A

An orbital is an area where an electron is most likely to be (90% of the time).

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10
Q

What shape is an s-orbital?

A

spherical

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11
Q

What shape is a p-orbital?

A

Dumbbell-shaped

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12
Q

The three p-orbitals are ___________ shaped but are oriented ___________ to each other

A

identically; perpendicular

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13
Q

Describe the shape and orientation of the five d-orbitals

A
  • 4 of the 5 d-orbitals are shaped exactly the same but are orientated differently. These 4 d-orbitals all look like flowers with 4 petals.
  • The fifth d-orbital has a different shape from the other 4. It looks like a donut that has been pushed into the middle of a dumbbell
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14
Q

How are sp3 hybrid orbitals made?

A
  1. First of all, in carbon, an electron from its 2s orbital gets promoted to the unoccupied p-orbital.
  2. Then the 2s-orbital mixes with the three 2p-orbitals to form four identical sp3 orbitals. This is why carbon can form four bonds.
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15
Q

Bases of DNA and RNA have a ______ shape.

A

Planar (flat)

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16
Q

Why do the bases of DNA and RNA have a planar (flat) structure?

A

Usually, molecules with N as their central atom adopt a trigonal pyramidal shape but in the case of the bases of DNA and RNA, the nitrogen atoms in the bases donate their lone pairs to the ring structure.

17
Q

What is the difference between intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces?

A

Intermolecular bonds exist between molecules whereas intramolecular bonds are bonds that exist between atoms in a molecule.

18
Q

Name all 4 intermolecular forces mentioned in lecture powerpoint and state another name that these intermolecular forces (bonds) can be collectively called.

A
  1. Dipole/Dipole forces (aka Keesom forces)
  2. Dipole/Induced Dipole (aka Debye forces
  3. Induced dipole/Induced dipole (aka London dispersion forces for Higher and Advanced Higher chemistry scum)
  4. Hydrogen bonds (technically they are dipole/dipole forces so there is technically only 3 intermolecular bonds)
19
Q

What is a dipole?

A

A dipole is a separation between two equally but oppositely charged poles or particles. (a water molecule has two poles - a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole (side)).

20
Q

Which intermolecular bond can explain why ammonia, water, and hydrogen fluoride have a higher boiling point than predicted?

A

Hydrogen bonds!!!

21
Q

Which three atoms must be attached to a hydrogen atom to facilitate hydrogen bonding?

A

N, O, and F

22
Q

How strong is a hydrogen bond in comparison to a covalent bond?

A

A Hydrogen bond is one-tenth of the strength of a covalent bond.

23
Q

Describe the structure of ice.

A

Each O atom is surrounded tetrahedrally by 4 other H atoms. 2 of these H atoms are covalently bonded to the O atom (a water molecule) and the other 2 are hydrogen bonded to the O atom.

You might like this video:

Ted video - why does ice float?

https://youtu.be/UukRgqzk-KE

24
Q

Which very important biomolecules depends on hydrogen bonds?

A

DNA and RNA

25
Q

Why is hydrogen bonding so important in DNA?

A
  1. It stabilizes the structure of DNA
  2. It allows DNA to be duplicated
26
Q

How many hydrogen bonds exist between A and T and G and C

A
  • A and T - 2 H. bonds
  • G and C - 3 H. bonds

BS12001 (4 decks)

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