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infectious disease midterm > lecture 1 part 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 part 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

do all pathogenic microbes kill the host cell?

A

NO — some hang out in the cell and secrete viruses in the quiescent state. others do kill the cell

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2
Q

since the invention of ____, scientists have studied microorganisms

A

microscopic lenses (1600s)

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3
Q

the turn of the ____ century bright about the advent of antibiotics (antibacterial agents)

A

20th century

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4
Q

why did it take much longer to develop antivirals over antibiotics?

A

viruses infect human cells. we had to find a way to target virally infected cells ONLY and not every human cell

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5
Q

in the early days of the 21st century, microbiology has entered the ____ age (___&____)

A

GENETIC
(genomics and proteomics)

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6
Q

____ outbreak stimulated the development of antivirals

A

AIDS

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7
Q

is AIDS fatal nowadays?

A

NO — it’s a chronic disease. therefore, it’s a big money maker. HIV drugs will continue being produced

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8
Q

which are larger — viruses or bacteria?

A

bacteria

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9
Q

rank the classes of microorganisms based on size

A

smallest: viruses (0.03-0.3 micrometers)

bacteria (0.1-10 micrometers)

protozoa and fungi: 4-10 micrometers

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10
Q

can viruses be seen with a light microscope? what about electron?

A

some viruses can be seen with a light microscope. viruses can be seen with an electron microscope

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of viruses

A

naked virus and enveloped virus

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12
Q

are viruses cells?

A

NO

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13
Q

explain the structure of a NAKED virus

A

a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat CAPSID

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14
Q

explain the structure of an ENVELOPED virus

A

like a naked virus, it is a nucleic acid surrounded by a CAPSID (protein coat). however, an enveloped virus also has an ENVELOPE (phospholipid membrane derived from host) with VIRAL SPIKE PROTEINS stuffed around the envelope

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15
Q

the more faces on a geometric shape, the more ___ it is

A

circular

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16
Q

do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

no distinct nucleus. have a single circular chromosome with no membrane. called a NUCLEOID

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17
Q

do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have extra chromosomal DNA?

A

prokaryotes have extrachromosomal DNA in the form of PLASMIDS in the cytoplasm

eukaryotes have extrachromosomal DNA in organelles

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18
Q

do prokaryotes have organelles suspended in the cytoplasm?

A

no-none

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19
Q

differentiate between the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes — more complex. contains the enzymes for replication, and the site of phospholipid and DNA synthesis

eukaryotes- semipermeable layer. doesn’t possess the functions of prokaryotic membrane

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20
Q

differentiate between the cells walls or prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes have a rigid layer or peptidoglycan.

eukaryotic cells do not

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21
Q

are sterols found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

usually present in eukaryotes, absent in prokaryotes

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22
Q

differentiate between the ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes —- 70s in cytoplasm

eukaryotes — 80s in cytoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

what is the function of sterols in the cell

A

gives rigidity

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24
Q

are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes ?

A

prokaryotes

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25
all respiratory work and DNA replication is done where in bacteria?
the plasma membrane
26
describe the structure of a bacterium
outer to inner: capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane capsule has fimbriae. inside cytoplasm = ribosomes (70s), nucleoid, inclusion bodies, and chromosomes (DNA) has flagellum for movement
27
a fungal cell is also known as a ___ cell
yeast
28
is a fungal cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
eukaryotic
29
true or false— yeast cells and protozoan cells are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms
true
30
true or false yeast cells and protozoan cells lack a proper nucleus and nucleolus
FALSE they are eukaryotic. they have a defined nucleus and nucleolus
31
is food poisoning as a source of infection an example of direct or indirect
indirect
32
is breathing in someone else’s cough as a source of infection an example of direct or indirect contact
direct
33
getting bit by a mosquito as a source of infection is this direct or indirect contact
indirect
34
what is HORIZONTAL vs VERTICAL transmission?
vertical - from mother to offspring horizontal — individuals of same generation
35
name 5 classes of microorganisms
micro biome (normal flora) commensal (resident, symbiotic, core microbiome) transient colonization (transients, secondary microbiome) opportunistic pathogenic
36
name 3 benefits of commensal microorganisms
process digested food provide essential vitamins/growth factors protect against invasion of pathogens
37
true or false the commensal population remains constant throughout life
FALSE in a constant state of flux depending on age, diet, health change in response to illness or treatment with antibiotics
38
what is the term for an imbalance in the gut microbial community due to disease ?
dysbiosis
39
define virulence
virulence are circumstances that allow a microorganism to achieve infection and cause disease with varying degrees of severity
40
true or false both bacteria and viruses can be virulent
true (don’t be deceived by the word)
41
name 5 factors that affect VIRULENCE (severity of the disease)
-gaining access to the body -avoiding multiple host defenses -colonization of the host -parasiting (hijacking) host resources -inducing toxicity and damage
42
name 6 influences on our microbiome
-host physiology -environment -immune system -host genotype -lifestyle -pathobiology
43
you listed host physiology as an influence on the microbiome. explain what this means
the host’s age gender site
44
you listed immune system as an influence on the microbiome explain
previous exposure inflammation
45
explain how lifestyle is an influence on the microbiome
occupation hygiene
46
explain how the host genotype is an influence on the microbiome
susceptibility genes such as lack of filaggrin filaggrin keeps the skin moist. without, it is very dry and more subject to infection
47
explain how pathobiology is an influence on the microbiome
underlying conditions such as diabetes
48
what was the human microbiome project?
an effort to sample and analyze the genome of microbes from five sites on the human body: -skin -nose -oral cavity -GI tract -urogenital tract
49
true or false we do not have microbiota in the blood and tissues
true
50
do bacteria have to enter the host cell to do damage?
NO. some bacteria bind to receptors and inject cytokines that either damage the cell or kill it
51
can bacteria get into the bloodstream?
yes
52
do all viruses kill the cells they infect?
no. they can cohabitate and release more and more viruses and get more virally infected cells
53
are all viruses completely dependent on the host cell?
no host proteins + they need to bring in their own proteins but they do all some components of the host machinery
54
are ALL viruses intracellular pathogens?
yes
55
ALL viruses are __ __ based
nucleic acid
56
all viruses replicate by…
assembly of components
57
all viruses are composed of what 3 things?
the viral genome a protective coat associated enzymes and proteins
58
do all viruses contain structural proteins? do all viruses contain enzymes and nucleic acid building proteins?
yes — all contain structural proteins not all have enzymes and nucleic acid-building proteins
59
differentiate between a naked virus and an enveloped virus
naked virus = DNA or RNA, structural proteins, (only in some cases, enzymes and nucleic acid building proteins) to form a CAPSID an enveloped virus is the CAPSID but surrounded by glycoproteins (spikes that are vitally encoded proteins) and an envelope that is usually derived from the host’s membrane
60
true or false DNA and RNA viruses are vastly different in size
FALSE — they are comparable
61
give the size of bacteria relative to an organelle
bacteria are around half the size of a mitochondria
62
explain how the nucleic acid of a virus can be very variable
can be: DNA or RNA single or double stranded linear or circular continuous or segmented genome
63
explain how the outer layer of a virus can be very variable
capsid can take on many shapes envelope VAPs (viral atttachment proteins; spike proteins)
64
the ___ surrounds the ____
the ENVELOPE surrounds the CAPSID
65
name 5 shapes of a capsid
spherical icosahedral filamentous brick shape bullet shape
66
explain the structure of an icosahedral virus
12 sided has vertices (endpoints) where spike proteins attach
67
name the 4 types of RNA viruses
+RNA -RNA +/- RNA (double stranded) +RNA via DNA (RETROVIRUS)
68
is +RNA naked or enveloped?
can be either
69
is -RNA naked or enveloped?
enveloped ONLY
70
explain the structure of +/- RNA viruses
double capsid (double protein coat)
71
are retroviruses enveloped or naked?
enveloped ONLY
72
explain how retroviruses replicate
single strand RNA replicates via a DNA intermediate
73
what is the Reovirus?
+/- RNA has 10 ds (double strand) linear segments double capsid
74
for the most part, viruses are (single stranded or double stranded?) (linear or circular?)
single strand linear
75
retroviruses are also known as…
RNA tumor viruses

infectious disease midterm (9 decks)

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