Lecture 1 Reproductive Physiology – Basics, Male & Female

Question 1

What type of epithelium covers the surface of the ovary

Answer 1

Cuboidal Epithelium

Question 2

Name the 2 parts of the ovary

Answer 2

Cortex and Medulla

Question 3

What does the cortex of the ovary contain?

Answer 3

Ovarian follicles (one oocyte surrounded by single layer of cells)

Question 4

What does the medulla of the ovary contain?

Answer 4

Connective tissue with blood vessels

Question 5

What are the function of the ovaries

Answer 5

Oocyte production

Steroid hormone production- oestrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

Question 6

Why do cells arrested in the first meiotic division before birth

Answer 6

Mature egg should only contain 23 chromosomes so that it is capable of fertilising with sperm that have other 23 = diploid (46 chromosome)

Question 7

What cells go on to become Graafian follicle

Answer 7

Dominant follicles

Question 8

When is the primary follicle activated

Answer 8

Puberty

Question 9

What are primordial follicles

Answer 9

Primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic division surrounded by one later of squamous pre granulose cells

Question 10

What are primary follicles

Answer 10

Oocyte surrounded by zona and cuboidal granulosa

Question 11

What are secondary follicles

Answer 11

Increased oocyte diameter and multiple layer of granulose cells, resumption of first meiotic division

Question 12

What are tertiary/Graffian follicle

Answer 12

Follicular fluid between the cells with coalesce to form antrum, completion
Complete of first meiotic division to form secondary oocyte and start of second

Question 13

Why is the polar body removed from the follicle

Answer 13

So that the resulting egg only has 1 set of chromosome

Question 14

What hormone does the hypothalamus release

Answer 14

GnRH

Question 15

What structure does GnRH act on

Answer 15

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Question 16

What 2 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release

Answer 16

FSH

LH

Question 17

What is the role of FSH

Answer 17

Enters ovaries and stimulates ovas into follicles

Question 18

What doe follicles produce and what is the effect

Answer 18

Low levels of oestrogen which inhibit GnRH

Causes endometrial arteries to constrict leading to menstruation

Question 19

What occurs during the follicular phase

Answer 19

Egg maturation

Question 20

During ovulation what hormone is elevated by the effect of LH and FSH on the follicles

Answer 20

Oestogen
Increase in GnRH
Increase in LH and FSH

Question 21

Name another consequence of increased oestrogen besides ovulation

Answer 21

Thickening of endometrium

Question 22

What is the Luteal Phase

Answer 22

Where LH stimulates the growth of corpus lute of follicular tissue left behind after ovulation

Question 23

What hormones does the Corpus luteum release and what are the effects

Answer 23

Oestrogen and Progesterone that blocks the release of GnRH and LH and FSH. Endometrium further develops

Question 24

What does a corpus lute develop into if there is no pregnancy

Answer 24

Corpus albicans

Question 25

Name 2 causes of Amenorrhoea

Answer 25

Problems with regulating hormones Problems with ovarian function Problem with uterus or outflow tract

Question 26

What organ produces sperm

Answer 26

Testicles

Question 27

Where do the testicles lie

Answer 27

In the scrotum

Question 28

Posterior to the testes sits the ____

Answer 28

Epididymis

Question 29

Sperm and semen travel through the____

Answer 29

Urethra

Question 30

What 2 organs create semen

Answer 30

Seminal vesicle and Prostate and travels through vas deferent to testis

Question 31

What are the Seminiferous tubules

Answer 31

Site of sperm production

Question 32

In the context of male reproductive hormones FSH stimulates what cells in the testes and what is the result

Answer 32

Sertoli cells- sperm production | Release inhibit which inhibit LH and FSH when sperm count is high enough

Question 33

In the context of male reproductive hormones LSH stimulates what cells in the testes and what is the results

Answer 33

Leydig Cells Produce testosterone Inhibit GnRG=H and FSH and LH

Question 34

What is the average cycle of spermatogenesis

Answer 34

64 days

Question 35

What are the 2 distinct phases of spermatogenesis

Answer 35

Spermatocytogenesis | Spermiogenesis

Question 36

What is spermatocytogenesis

Answer 36

Clinical expansion and maturation through mitotic and meiotic process

Question 37

What is spermatogenesis

Answer 37

Diiferentiation into mature sperm cells

Question 38

What are spermatids

Answer 38

Functional sperm cells not capable of fertilisation

Question 39

Describe the development of spermatogonium to a Sperm cell

Answer 39

Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Spermatogenesis

Question 40

What prestesticular factors affect spermatogenesis

Answer 40

``` Hormonal control Excessive weight loss/gain Intracranial tumours, cysts, bleed Prolactinoma Medications- opiates, steroids Genetic- Kallmanns syndrome ```

Question 41

Name Testicular problems affecting spermatogenesis

Answer 41

``` Surgery STI Mumps orchitis Testicular trauma Radiotherapy/Chemotherapy Klinefelter's ```

Question 42

Name lifestyle factors that affect spermatogenesis from the mother's side

Answer 42

Smoking Traffic/diesel exhaust Obesity

Question 43

Name lifestyle factors that affect spermatogenesis from the Father's side

Answer 43

Traffic/diesel exhaust Occupational and environmental chemical exposures Sedentary positions (heat exposure) Reduced testosterone, increased estradiol Obesity Smoking