Lecture 1 - thorax

Question 1

Distal

Answer 1

further away from

Question 2

proximal

Answer 2

closer to

Question 3

lateral

Answer 3

further to the outside

Question 4

sagittal line

Answer 4

down the middle

Question 5

parasagittal

Answer 5

same plane but more laterally away from midline

Question 6

what is the thoracic cage made up of?

Answer 6

sternum, verterbrae and ribs with costal cartilages

Question 7

what is another structure included in the thorax?

Answer 7

clavicle which forms the border of thoracic cage and aids stability

Question 8

where is the supersternal notch?

Answer 8

at the top of the maubrium

Question 9

structure of the sternum

Answer 9

• manubrium at the top
• body in the middle
• at the bottom is the Xiphoid process

Question 10

sternal angle

Answer 10

• between manubrium and body
• attachment for costal cartilage of 2nd rib and corresponds to 4th thoracic vertebrae
• vessels of heart are posterior
• where trachea separates into bronchi

Question 11

what are facets

Answer 11

points of attachment for costal cartliages

Question 12

how many thoracic vertebra are there?

Answer 12

12 thoracic vertebra

Question 13

structure of vertebra

Answer 13

heart shaped body, spinus process which is long and points downwards
- has facets of articulation to articulate to ribs

Question 14

how many facets on each vertebra?

Answer 14

2 facets on each and articulation for the tubicle of the rib to transverse process

Question 15

structure of the rib

Answer 15

has 2 facets to attach to thoracic vertebra
in between head and body is neck
in between beck and body is tubercle

Question 16

where are neurovascular bundles

Answer 16

in costal grooves

Question 17

Rib 1

Answer 17

flat and stubbier
- has grooves for subclavian arteries and veins
- only attaches to one vertebra

Question 18

‘floating ribs’

Answer 18

11th and 12th rib only attach to one vertbra

Question 19

true ribs

Answer 19

ribs 1-7 - have direct articulation to the sternum

Question 20

false ribs

Answer 20

8-12 - have no direct articulation to sternum

Question 21

external intercostal muscle fibres

Answer 21

• go downwards and inwards
• bring the ribs outwards, upwards and forwards so the intercostal space is widened

Question 22

role of external intercostal muscles

Answer 22

exist as force inspiration and help to draw air inwards but at rest not used actively but at tone to create pressure barrel

Question 23

internal intercostal muscle fibres

Answer 23

• more internal and run at 90 degrees to external muscles
• inner most muscles are not complete throughout

Question 24

role of internal intercostal muscles

Answer 24

forced expiration and tonal like external

Question 25

anteroirly, where do internal thoracic arteries arise?

Answer 25

from the subclavian arteries of the neck

Question 26

posteriorly, where do intercostal arteries come from?

Answer 26

directly from aorta

Question 27

where do intercostal veins drain into?

Answer 27

brachiocephalic veins in the neck