Lecture 1 Vertebral column and spinal cord

Question 1

Four curvatures of the spine? Which are you born with?

Answer 1

Cervical lordosis (ext)
Thoracic kyphosis (flx)
Lumbar lordosis (ext)
Sacral kyphosis (flx)

Born with kyphosis (in flexed position)

Question 2

C1 and C2 names a structures

Answer 2

C1: Atlas; no spinous process or body
C2: Axis; absorbed body of atlas to form dens

Question 3

Cervical spinous processes feature

Answer 3

Bifurcated spinous processes (Only on C2-C6)

Question 4

Thoracic vertebrae important structres

Answer 4

transverse processes articulating facets w/ ribs

Question 5

Lumbar vertebrae important structures

Answer 5

Has an accessory process on the transverse process and a mamillary process on the superior articulating facet

Question 6

Center of gravity on the human body

Answer 6

Sacrum S2

Question 7

Multifidi attachement point

Answer 7

Dorsal surface of sacrum

Question 8

Piriformis attachment point

Answer 8

Ventral surface of the sacrum

Question 9

Where do the dorsal/ventral rami exit?

Answer 9

Sacral foramina

Question 10

How does the sacrum articulate with the coccyx?

Answer 10

Cornu of the coccyx

Question 11

Atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 11

“Yes” head movement; articulation of superiror articular facet of atlas and occipital condyle

Question 12

Atlanto-odontoid joint

Answer 12

“No” head movement; transverse ligament of the atlas and the dens of the axis

Question 13

Atlanto axial joint

Answer 13

Between axis and atlas, no disc between the two

Question 14

What type of joint are the vertebral bodies and the discs

Answer 14

cartilagenous joints

Question 15

T1 MRI = ?

Answer 15

FAT1 (only fat is white)

Question 16

T2 MRI = ?

Answer 16

WW2 (water and fat are both white)

Question 17

CT Scan = ?

Answer 17

Bones are extremely white, cannot see much other tissue/organs

Question 18

X - ray = ?

Answer 18

1 view is no view! Converts 3-d structures into 2-d

Question 19

Name the Spinal ligaments

Answer 19

Anterior Longitudinal ligament (ALL) and Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
PLL = narrow caudally (posterior disc herniation) and broad cranially (tectorial membrane)

Question 20

Specialized ligaments anterior to tectorial membrane and attachments

Answer 20

Transverse ligament of Atlas: C1 anterior arch
Apical ligament: dens of C2
Alar ligament: diagonal; dens of C2

Question 21

Functional spinal unit consists of …

Answer 21

2 adjacent vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc (and their articulations)

Question 22

Anterior articulation of spinal unit

Answer 22

Vertebral body and disc; carry 70% of stress

Question 23

Posterior articulation of spinal unit

Answer 23

faceted vertebrae; carry 30% of stress

Question 24

C3-C7 bodies form what type of joint

Answer 24

Uncovertebral joint

Question 25

Orientation of facets (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar)

Answer 25

C: 45 degrees T: oblique laterally L: oblique medially and almost vertial

Question 26

Where most, least, and no amount of rotation occurs

Answer 26

Most: C1-C2 atlanto-odontoid joint Least: lumbar region because of the orientation of facets No: atlanto occipital joint (C1 and occipital condyle)

Question 27

Most common disc herniation

Answer 27

Disc injuries are difficult to heal, most common is posterolateral herniation

Question 28

Afferent vs Efferent

Answer 28

Afferent = info in Efferent = info out (get the eff out of here)

Question 29

Central nervous system =

Answer 29

Sensory --> Somatic (muscles, bones, soft tissue) and visceral (internal organs and vessels)

Question 30

Peripheral nervous system =

Answer 30

Motor --> somatic and visceral

Question 31

PNS info in (afferent) = PNS info out (efferent) =

Answer 31

Afferent = sensory Efferent = Motor

Question 32

Somatic motor (PNS) =

Answer 32

Skeletal muscles

Question 33

Visceral motor (PNS) =

Answer 33

cardiac/smooth muscles

Question 34

Visceral motor subdivisions =

Answer 34

Sympathetic (fight or flight) = 1st cell + preganglionic axon and 2nd cell + postganglionic axon Parasympathetic (rest and digest) = 1st cell + preganglionic axon and 2nd cell + postganglionic axon

Question 35

How many axons can a neuron have

Answer 35

Either 0 or 1, but that axon can have over 1000 axon terminals

Question 36

Satellite cell =

Answer 36

dorsal root ganglion; supporting glia of PNS

Question 37

Ganglion =

Answer 37

cluster outside CNS

Question 38

Nucleus =

Answer 38

cluster inside CNS

Question 39

Describe the binary division of the nervous system

Answer 39

CNS = somatic and visceral sensory PNS = somatic; and visceral motor (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Question 40

Conus medullaris =

Answer 40

Cone shape at end of spinal cord

Question 41

Cavda equina =

Answer 41

horse tail

Question 42

Gray matter vs white matter and dorsal vs ventral horn responsibilities

Answer 42

Gray mater = nonmyelinated (slower) White matter = myelinated (faster) Dorsal horn = sensory Ventral horn = motor

Question 43

Protective Meninges from outside to in

Answer 43

- Dura mater (dura sac) -Arachnoid mater - pia mater (around spinal cord)

Question 44

Dura mater forms what?

Answer 44

Filum terminale externum

Question 45

Pia matter forms what?

Answer 45

Denticulate ligament ( connects pia to cord) and filum terminale internum

Question 46

Most common herniation in lumbar region

Answer 46

Posteior herniation

Question 47

Ucinate proccess

Answer 47

C3-C7