Lecture 10

Question 1

Traditional global governance (via formal intergovernmentalism)

Answer 1

 Assumption; problem-solving depends on cooperation among states
 Goal; to constrain behaviour of states by making, monitoring, adjudicating and enforcing rules
 Instruments; inter-governmental treaties and formal IGO’s
 Organizing principle; multilateralism
* “insert quote” Ruggie 1992
* Complex part; how many states do what?

Question 2

Limits of formal intergovernmentalism

Answer 2

 Inflexibility; power shifts and new problems emerge faster than treaties and formal IGO’s can be reformed
 Irrelevance; many global problems involve activities of private actors, so aren’t easily addressed by inter-governmental solutions
 Illegitimacy; public opinion is increasingly mistrustful of IGO’s and other stakeholders (NGO’s, firms) aren’t included

Question 3

Solution?

Answer 3

 Kaul 2020
 Int. cooperation is more needed than ever, but world lacks willing and capable leadership to build support for…
 … a new practice of multilateralism, in which forms of multilateral cooperation and exercise of national sovereignty are mutually compatible
 Old model says it will only work if states sacrifice something

Question 4

Kindleberger moment?

Answer 4

 Big question; why did international cooperation collapse in 1930s?
 Kindleberger’s answer; lack of hegemonic leadership
* UK was willing but no longer able
* US was able but not yet willing
 Kindleberger 1973 (World in depression)

Question 5

New forms of global governance

Answer 5

Informal intergovernmentalism, new roles for IGO’s, collaboration, orchestration, ad hoc coalitions

Question 6

informal intergovernmentalism

Answer 6

 Snidal and vabulas 2013 article
 Cooperation via informal IGO’s without legal status or delegated authority

Question 7

New roles for IGO’s

Answer 7

 IGO’s have ambitious governance goals, to provide public goods and regulate behaviour of state and non state actors, but they often lack material resources and authority needed to achieve their goals
 Gap between IGO goals and capabilities -> innovation (new roles for IGO’s)
 Collaboration and orchestration

Question 8

Collaboration

Answer 8

** IGO’s work directly with target actors to promote policy change and self-regulation
** Illustration; UN collaborates with states to promote certain policy priorities
* Sustainable development goals. 17 goals, 169 target, 232 indicators negotiated and approved by states. Achievement is voluntarily, not binding. States are responsible for achieving goals, mostly individually but also with support from others (#17)

Question 9

Orchestration

Answer 9

 Abbott and Snidal 2010
 IGO’s work indirectly through intermediaries to address target actors in pursuit of governance goals
 Orchestrator – IGO
 Intermediaries – other IGO’s, states, firms, NGO’s and public private partnerships
 Targets – behaviour of states, firms or persons
 See also Abbott, Genschel, Snidal and Zangl 2015

Question 10

Ad hoc coalitions

Answer 10

 Reykers et al 2023
 Global governance increasingly involves ad hoc coalitions; “autonomous arrangements with task specific mandate established at short notice for limited period of time”
 Other variables
* Operate outside of existing IO’s but may cooperate with them
* May involve only states or a mix of states, IO’s and non-state actors

Question 11

Disadvantages ad hoc coalitions

Answer 11

• Powerful states can easily block or manipulate this
• No accumulation of expertise
• Not well suited to promoting structural change over time (ending poverty etc)
• Not well suited to promoting rule compliance over time

Question 12

Advantages ad hoc coalitions

Answer 12

• Functional option when national solutions and existing IO’s cant solve the problem
• Less costly – not creating permanent bureaucracy
• Less constraining – no ongoing commitments

Question 13

3 key characteristics ad hoc coalitions

Answer 13

• Task specific mandate, to achieve specific goal not structural change
• Created on short notice
• Intended to function for a limited period of time