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HEALTH EDUCATION > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the theorists?
- Theory of human caring
- Transcultural care theory
- Novice to expert model
- Theory of caring

A

Watson
Leininger and McFarland
Benner
Swanson

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2
Q

honored as “living legend”

A

jean watson

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3
Q

WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING

what are the major concepts?

A
  • Caring is central to nursing practice.
  • Emphasis is on the dignity and worth of individuals.
  • Each person’s response to illness is unique.
  • Caring is demonstrated interpersonally.
  • Caring involves a commitment to care and is based on knowledge.
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4
Q

___ is the essence of nursing and the most central
and unifying focus of nursing practice.

A

Caring

from Jean Watson (1985) as cited in
DeLaune and Ladner (2011)

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5
Q

– comprise the primal, universal psychic energy
and are the basis for our humanity.

A

care and love

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6
Q

—composed of 10 carative factors, which are
classified as nursing actions or caring processes

A

watson’s theory

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7
Q

serve as the philosophical foundation for
the science of caring.

A

first 3 carative factors

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8
Q

provide more specific direction for nursing actions.

A

The remaining 7 carative factors

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9
Q

Use loving kindness to extend yourself. Use self-
disclosure appropriately to promote a therapeutic
alliance with your patient

watsons carative factors

A

Forming a human-
altruistic value system

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10
Q

Provide a connection with the patient that offers
purpose and direction when trying to find the
meaning of an illness.

A

Instilling faith-hope

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11
Q

Learn to accept yourself and others for their full
potential. A caring nurse matures into becoming a self-actualized nurse

A

Cultivating a sensitivity to
one’s self and to others

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12
Q

Learn to develop and sustain helping, trusting,
authentic, caring relationships through effective
communication with your patients

A

Developing a helping,
trusting, human caring
relationship

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13
Q

Support and accept your patients’ feelings. In
connecting with your patients you show a willingness
to take risks in sharing in the relationship

A

Promoting and
expressing positive and
negative feelings

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14
Q

Apply the nursing process in systematic, scientific
problem-solving decision making in providing
patient-centered care.

A

Using creative problem
solving, caring
processes

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15
Q

Learn together while educating the patient
to acquire self-care skills. The patient
assumes responsibility for learning

A

Promoting transpersonal
teaching-learning

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16
Q

Create a healing environment at all levels,
physical and nonphysical. This promotes
wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and
peace.

A

Providing for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment

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17
Q

Assist patients with basic needs with an
intentional care and caring
consciousness.

A

Meeting human needs

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18
Q

Allow spiritual forces to provide a better
understanding of yourself and your
patient

A

Allowing for existential
phenomenological spiritual
forces

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19
Q

foundress of the worldwide transcultural nursing movement

A

Madeleine Leininger

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20
Q

professor of nursing in the university of michigan flint

A

marilyn mcfarland

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21
Q

what are the major concepts of transcultural care

A

Caring is the essence of nursing.
* Caring is universal, occurring in all cultures.
* Caring behaviors are determined by and occur within a cultural context.

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22
Q

in the nurse-client relationship is ‘‘the direct (or indirect) nurturant and skillful activities, processes, and decisions related to assisting people to achieve or maintain health.’’

A

caring

Leininger & McFarland (2002) as
cited in DeLaune & Ladner (2011)

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23
Q

focuses on the study and analysis of different cultures and subcultures
with respect to cultural care, health beliefs, and health practices, with
the goal of providing health care within the context of the client’s
culture

A

transcultural nursing

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24
Q

A basic assumption of transcultural nursing is that when health care
providers see problems from the client’s cultural viewpoint, they are
more open to understanding, appreciating, and working effectively with those clients.

A

transcultural nursing

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25
Q

Every culture has some kind of system for health care that is
based on values and behaviors.
* Cultures have certain methods for providing health care.
These methods of care are often unknown by nurses from
other cultures

A

other assumptions in transcultural nursing

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26
Q

Attention
Comfort
Compassion
Empathy
Instruction
Love
Nurturance
Personalized help
Presence
Protection
Restoration
Support
Surveillance
Tenderness
Touch
Trust

A

CARING BEHAVIORS THAT OCCUR
IN DIFFERENT CULTURES

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27
Q

novice to expert model

A

dr. patricia benner

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28
Q
A

Caring is central to all helping professions.
* Caring is the foundation of being.
* People and interpersonal concerns are important.
* Caring is communicated through actions.
* Problem solving is a major component of caring.
* Advocacy is caring.

major concepts; novice to expert model

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29
Q

one who has ‘‘courage to be with the patient,
offering whatever comfort the situation allows.’

A

THE CARING NURSE

DeLaune and Ladner (2011)

Benner (2001) as cited in DeLaune and Ladner

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30
Q

—occurs within the context of a relationship that consists
of the following steps:
1) – is mobilized for both the client and nurse.
2) The relationship focuses on discovering the meaning of the illness,
pain, or emotion.
3) The client is aided in using social and spiritual support.

A

caring , hope

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31
Q

levels of nursing experience

A

novice
advanced beginner
competent
proficient
expert

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32
Q

univ of colorado

A

kirsten M. Swanson

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33
Q

a nurturing way of relating to a valued other
toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment
and responsibility.”

A

caring

Kristen Swanson (1991) as
cited in Potter et al. (2013)

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34
Q

Describes caring as consisting of five categories or processes
* Supports the claim that caring is a central nursing phenomenon
but not necessarily unique to nursing practice.
* Identifies 3 types of conditions that affect caring:
* Patient related
* Nurse related
* Organization related

A

swanson’s theory of caring

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35
Q

Being emotionally
present to the other

A

being with

caring process

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36
Q

Being there
Conveying ability
Sharing feelings
Not burdening

subdimensions

A

being with

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37
Q

Doing for the other as
he or she would do for
the self if it were at all
possible

A

doing for

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38
Q

Comforting
Anticipating
Performing skillfully
Protecting
Preserving dignity

A

doing for

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39
Q

Facilitating the other’s
passage through life
transitions (e.g. Birth,
death) and unfamiliar
events

A

enabling

40
Q

Informing/explaining
Supporting/ allowing
Focusing
Generating alternatives
Validating/ giving feedback

A

enabling

41
Q

Sustaining faith in the
other’s capacity to get
through an event or
transition and face future
with meaning

A

maintaining belief

42
Q

believing in/holding in esteem
Maintaining a hope-filled
attitude
Offering realistic optimism
“Going the distance”

A

maintaining belief

43
Q
  • Provide care consistent with
    nursing’s emerging
    science and knowledge with
    caring as central focus
  • With this transcultural care theory, caring
    is the central and unifying domain for
    nursing knowledge and practice.
A

leininger - 1978

44
Q
  • Promote health, restore
    patient to health, and prevent
    illness
  • Involves the philosophy and science of
    caring. Caring is an interpersonal process
    comprising interventions to meet human
    needs
A

watson - 1979

45
Q
  • Focus on patient’s need for
    caring as a means of
    coping with stressors of
    illness
  • Caring is central to the essence of
    nursing. It creates the possibilities for
    coping and enables possibilities for
    connecting with and concern for others.
A

benner and wrubel- 1989

46
Q
  • Nursing is informed caring
    for the well-being of others
  • Provides a structure of caring composed
    of interrelated processes.
A

swanson- 1991

47
Q

a process by which information is
exchanged between individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 2021).

theories in communicating health messages

A

communication

48
Q

how people use
messages to generate meanings within
and across various contexts, cultures,
channels and media

A

communication

49
Q
  • Individual
    (intrapersonal) level
    -Theory of planned
    behavior
A

azjen

50
Q

Interpersonal level
- Social cognitive theory

A

bandura

51
Q

population level
- diffusion of innovation theory

A

rogers

52
Q

theory of planned behavior

A

icek ajzen

53
Q

states that an individual’s behavior is predicted by his or her
behavioral intentions, which, in turn, are predicted by his or
her
* attitudes toward the behavior,
* subjective norms, and
* perceived control over the behavior
* assumes the best predictor of a behavior is behavioral
intention

A

theory of planned ehavior

54
Q

percieved behavioral control, subjective norm, attitude toward the behavior

ehavioral intention
behavior

A

theory of planned behavior

55
Q

Perceived likelihood of
performing behavior
-

A

behavioral intention

56
Q

Are you likely or unlikely to
(perform the behavior)?

A

behavioral intention

57
Q

Personal evaluation of the
behavior

A

attitude

58
Q

Do you see (the behavior) as
good, neutral, or bad?

A

attitude

59
Q

Beliefs about whether key
people approve or disapprove
of the behavior; motivation to
behave in a way that gains their
approval

A

sujective norm

60
Q

Do you agree or disagree that
most people approve
of/disapprove of (the behavior)?

A

subjective norm

61
Q

Belief that one has, and can
exercise, control over
performing the behavior

A

perceived behavioral control

62
Q

Do you believe (performing the
behavior) is up to you, or not up
to you?

A

perceived behavioral control

63
Q

a single, observable action performed by
an individual, or a category of actions with a
specification of target, action, context, and time (TACT)

A

behavior

64
Q

The combination of personal and societal acceptance – the likelihood of the person enacting the
behavior.

A

increases

65
Q

social cognitive theory

A

albert bandura

66
Q

Evolved from social learning theory, which was created by Albert Bandura
in the early 1960s.
* Officially launched in 1986 by Bandura with his book Social Foundations of
Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory .
* The most frequently used paradigm in health promotion.
* Based on the reciprocal determinism between behavior, environment, and
person; their constant interactions constitute the basis for human action.

A

social cognitive theory

67
Q

t or f
individuals learn from their interactions and observations.

A

t

68
Q

An individual ’ s behavior is uniquely determined by these three factors:

A

personal, environmental, behavioral

69
Q

A person ’ s expectations, beliefs, self - perceptions, goals, and
intentions shape and direct behavior

A

personal factors

70
Q

Human expectations, beliefs, and cognitive competencies are
developed and modified by social influences and physical structures within the
environment

A

environmental factors

71
Q

A person ’ s behavior will determine the aspects of the person ’ s
environment to which the person is exposed, and behavior is, in turn, modified by that
environment.

A

behavioral factors

72
Q

Social or physical circumstances or conditions that
surround a person

A

Environment

73
Q

A person ’ s perception of his or her environment

A

situations

74
Q

The knowledge and skill needed to perform a
given behavior

A

Behavioral capability

75
Q

Anticipation of the probable outcomes that would
ensue as a result of engaging in the behavior
under discussion

A

outcome expectations

76
Q

The values that a person places on the probable
outcome that results from performing a behavior

A

outcome expectancies

77
Q

Personal regulation of goal - directed behavior or
performance

A

self control

78
Q

Behavioral acquisition that occurs through
watching the actions of others and the outcomes of
their behaviors

A

Observational learning

79
Q

A person ’ s confidence in performing a particular
behavior

A

self efficacy

80
Q

Personal techniques employed to control the
emotional and physiological states associated with
acquisition of a new behavior

A

emotional coping

81
Q

Initially developed by Everett Rogers (1962)
* One of the oldest social science theories
* Addresses how new ideas, concepts, or practices can spread within a
community or society or from one society to another
* Identifies and defines five subgroups on the basis of the audience’s
characteristics and propensity to accept and adopt innovation

A

diffusion of innovation theory

82
Q

2.5 %

A

innovators

83
Q

13.5 %

A

early adopters

84
Q

34%

A

early majority

85
Q

34%

A

late majority

86
Q

16%

A

laggards

87
Q

People who want to be the first to try
the innovation.
* Are venturesome and interested in
new ideas.
* Are very willing to take risks, and
are often the first to develop new
ideas

A

innovators

88
Q

Very little, if anything,
needs to be done to
appeal to this
population

A

innovators

89
Q

People who represent opinion
leaders.
* Enjoy leadership roles, and embrace
change opportunities.
* Are already aware of the need to
change and so are very comfortable
adopting new ideas

A

early adopters

90
Q

How-to manuals and
information sheets on
implementation.
* Do not need
information to
convince them to
change

A

early adopters

91
Q

Are rarely leaders, but they do
adopt new ideas before the average
person.
* Typically need to see evidence that
the innovation works before they
are willing to adopt it.

A

early majority adopters

92
Q

success stories and
evidence of the
innovation’s effectiveness.

A

early majority adopters

93
Q

Are skeptical of change, and will
only adopt an innovation after it has
been tried by the majority.

A

late majority adopters

94
Q

Information on how many
other people have tried
the innovation and have
adopted it successfully.

A

late majority adopters

95
Q

Are bound by tradition and very
conservative.
* Are very skeptical of change and
are the hardest group to bring on
board

A

laggards

96
Q

Statistics, fear appeals,
and pressure from people
in the other adopter
groups.

A

laggards

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