Lecture 10:

Question 1

Demonstration and Verbal Instructions

Answer 1

Concept: Effective methods of providing instructions for helping a person to learn motor skills depend on the skills and the instructional goals

Question 2

What is Demonstration?

Answer 2

Demonstration (also known as modeling)
An instructional strategy
The learning of a skill that results from the
direct observation of a person (or people) performing, or learning to perform, the skill

Question 3

When is demonstration more effective as an instructional strategy rather than some other means of providing information about how to perform a skill?

Answer 3

When the skill requires the learning of a new movement coordination pattern

Question 4

What does the Observer Perceive from a Demonstration?

Answer 4

When to use demonstration?
Observer perceives the invariant features of the coordinated movement pattern
People who had observed the skilled demonstrated developed coordinated movement patterns earlier in practice than did those who had not observed the demonstration.

Question 5

The Influence of Skill Characteristics

Answer 5

Research shows that demonstration leads to better skill learning than other instruction forms when
The skill being learned requires the acquisition of a new pattern of coordination

Question 6

Principles of Demonstration for Skill Acquisition

Answer 6

Demonstrator should perform the skill “correctly”

1. Because the observer perceives the invariant movement patterns of a demonstrated skill, these patterns will be observed only with a correctly performed skill
2. The observer also perceives information about the strategy used by the model to solve movement problems

Question 7

Can Novices Benefit from Observing Other Novices?

Answer 7

Research shows that beginners can derive learning benefits from observing other beginners practice a skill
Discourages the imitation of a skilled model’s performance
Encourages the observer to engage in more active problem solving
How can you organise a practice session to take advantage of these attributes?

Question 8

Timing and Frequency of Demonstrating a Skill

* When and how frequently should a demonstration be given?

Answer 8

Demonstration should precede practice

 Instructor should continue to demonstrate during practice as frequently as necessary

Question 9

Verbal Instructions and Cues

Answer 9

Verbal instructions rank with demonstration as a commonly used means of communicating how to perform motor skills

Question 10

Verbal Instructions and Cues, cont’d:

Factors that are important for developing effective verbal instruction:

Answer 10

Amount of verbal instructions and attention
Focus on movement outcomes,
Give verbal instructions that influence goal achievement strategies – speed- accuracy example…
Verbal cues should be short, concise phrases that can direct attention to the purpose

Question 11

Augmented Feedback

Answer 11

Augmented feedback provides information that can facilitate skill learning

Question 12

Two Types of Performance-Related Information (Feedback)

Answer 12

• Task-intrinsic feedback
• Sensory-perceptual information that is a natural part of performing a skill
• Augmented feedback
• Performance related information added to or enhancing task-intrinsic feedback

Question 13

Two Types of Augmented Feedback

Answer 13

Knowledge of Results (KR)
Externally presented information about the outcome of performing a skill or about achieving the goal of the performance
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
Externally presented information about movement characteristics that led to the performance outcome

Question 14

Examples

Answer 14

A sprinter in track:
 KR – sees their time on a scoreboard
 KP – sees a video replay of his or her race.
A gymnast:
KR – sees the judges’ score after completing a routine
KP – given information about position of their body during the routine

Question 15

The Roles of Augmented Feedback in Skill Acquisition

Answer 15

Two roles in skill learning process:
Facilitates achievement of the action goal of the skill
Motivates the learner to continue striving toward a goal

Question 16

How Essential is Augmented Feedback for Skill Learning?

Answer 16

FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:
It can be essential for skill learning
 when unable to use task-intrinsic feedback.
It may not be necessary for skill learning
the motor skill provides sufficient task-intrinsic feedback
It can enhance skill learning
enhance complex skills involve learning multi-limb coordination patterns.
It can hinder or slow skill learning
Dependency on augmented feedback

Question 17

Content of Augmented Feedback Content

Answer 17

1. Information about errors vs. correct aspects of performance?
   - Research has consistently shown that error
   information is more effective for facilitating skill learning.
2. KR vs. KP?
3. Qualitative vs. quantitative information?
4. Erroneous augmented feedback?
   - People who are in the early stages of learning will use augmented feedback when it is available, whether it is correct or not!!!

Question 18

Types of Knowledge of Performance

Answer 18

Verbal KP
Two types
 Descriptive KP - describes the error the performer has made.
 Prescriptive KP - Not only describes the error but informs the performer what to do to correct it.
 Which is more valuable? – Depends on skill level
Videotape as augmented feedback
 Skill level? – More beneficial for beginners
 How useful is video feedback? – Depends on performance features

Question 19

Timing of Augmented Feedback:

1. Concurrent

Answer 19

Augmented feedback provided while a person is performing a skill
Effects of concurrent augmented feedback on learning
 Two general types of effects
Negative learning effect –more common when students become dependent upon concurrent feedback.
Enhances skill learning (positive effect) –
when the task-intrinsic feedback is difficult to use or determine.

Question 20

Timing of Augmented Feedback:

2. Terminal

Answer 20

 Feedback that is provided after a person has completed the performance of a skill
 Two intervals of time associated with terminal augmented feedback
 KR delay interval
 Post KR interval
 Both require a minimum length of time
 Engaging in activity during these intervals can hinder, benefit, or have no effect upon skill learning

Question 21

Frequency of Presenting Augmented Feedback

Answer 21

Traditional view = Augmented feedback for every trial (100% frequency) is best for learning
Current view = Less than 100% frequency is best for learning
Fading technique
Practical application: less than 100% frequency provides opportunity for self-correction