Lecture 11

Question 0

What forces affect movement?

Answer 0

GRAVITY
Ball sports, long jump, gymnastics
AERODYNAMIC DRAG Sprinting, cycling, football, basketball, tennis, baseball
FORCES BETWEEN BODY & EQUIPMENT
Cycling (cyclist’s foot & pedal), tennis (athlete & racket), basketball (athlete & bball), baseball (athlete & bat), gymnast (athlete & apparatus)
FRICTION
Between shoe and ground
FORCES BETWEEN GROUND AND BODY
Sprinting, walking, jumping (pushing off & landing)
HYDRODYNAMIC DRAG
Swimming
FORCES BETWEEN BODIES
Tackling during football
FORCE PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE

Question 1

What is biomechanics?

Answer 1

The application of mechanical principles in the study of
human movement.
More specifically, biomechanics is the study of the forces and the effects produced by these forces

Question 2

WHY IS BIOMECHANICS IMPORTANT TO FITNESS PROFESSIONALS?

Answer 2

• Provides an understanding of principles underlying human motion
• Injury prevention - Everyday tasks, e.g. lifting
  Understanding of biomechanics can be applied to introduce safe manual-handling techniques to reduce the risk of lower back injury
• Improvement of sports techniques, particularly at elite level
• Change design of sports equipment and apparel to improve performance

Question 3

FORCES IN THE BODY: What causes movement of the human body?

Answer 3

• Contraction of skeletal muscles
  Musculoskeletal system can be viewed as levers
  Lever = A rigid object that can rotate about an axis by the application of force
  Force/resistance/fulcrum

Question 4

FORCES IN THE BODY

Answer 4

Resistance = gravity
KNEE JOINT:
Force - fulcrum up
Resistance down gravity pulling calf down

Question 5

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Answer 5

In the body...
 Biceps is an example of a 3rd class lever

Question 6

MAJOR JOINT MOVEMENTS - trunk and hip and thigh

Answer 6

Trunk
 Flexion/extension (sagittal plane) AxialRotation(transverse plane)
 Lateral/Medial flexion (frontal plane)
Hip & Thigh
 Flexion/Extension (sagittal plane)
 Abduction/Adduction (frontal plane) Internal/External Rotation(transverse)

Question 7

MAJOR JOINT MOVEMENTS - shoulder

Answer 7

 Shoulder
Flexion/Extension (sagittalplane)
 Abduction/Adduction (frontal plane) Internal/External rotation (transverse plane)

Question 8

MAJOR JOINT MOVEMENTS - Elbow

Answer 8

Elbow
 Flexion/Extension (sagittal plane)
 Pronation/Supination (transverse plane

Question 9

MAJOR JOINT MOVEMENTS - knee & ankle

Answer 9

Knee
 Flexion/Extension (sagittal plane)
 Internal/External rotation (transverse plane)
Ankle
 Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion (sagittal plane)
 Inversion/Eversion (transverse plane

Question 10

Describe Linear

Answer 10

Linear: all points on body move same distance over same time

 Examples: running, path of ball

Question 11

Describe Angular

Answer 11

Angular: all points on body move through same angle but different distance
May involve rotation of
Whole body: gymnast or ice-skater during a spin, diver performing somersault
 Body segment: shoulder joint during cricket bowl