Lecture 10/3 & 10/8 Flashcards
Preschoolers: pragmatics & Semantic development PPT
1
Q
Cognitive Development
Follows simple verbal commands
A
24 months
2
Q
What is semantic development closely related to?
A
Development in motor, social, and cognitive abilities
3
Q
Cognitive Development
Points to and names familiar pictures
A
27 months
4
Q
What does a child receive more of when their abilities in motor, social and cognitive are better?
A
language and practice
someone in a wheelchair won’t be able to get out and about more
5
Q
Cognitive Development
Gives “two” objects on request
A
36 months
6
Q
Expressive vocab goes from x to x words at 18-24 months
A
200-300 words
7
Q
Cognitive Development
Gives full name on request
A
42 months
8
Q
By 36 months of age, children will have expressive vocal of…
A
900-1000
9
Q
Cognitive Development
Enjoys “make believe” play
A
45 months
10
Q
At 5 years, by kindergarten, they should be using how many words?
A
2100-2200 words
11
Q
Cognitive Development
Understand today/yesterday/tomorrow as well as morning/afternoon/night
A
5 years
12
Q
By 6 years of age, many children have receptive (understand) vocab of up to …
A
14,000 words
13
Q
Social Development
Communicates desire and orders others around
A
27 months
14
Q
Research
What did Montgomery 2011 say about children and word exposure?
A
Ch learn words exposed to in their environments
15
Q
Social Development
Demands caregiver’s attention, throws tantrums when needs are not understood
A
30 months
16
Q
What is Fast mapping?
A
A hypothetical process where ch associate a word and its referent after the first or initial exposure
17
Q
Social Development
Play independently in groups, selects playmates
A
36 months
18
Q
What is extended mapping?
A
new words are gradually expanded and modified as additional experiences become available
19
Q
Social Development
Plays cooperatively and takes turns
A
45 months
20
Q
What are ways a child can learn new words?
A
- Words that are composed of phonemes that the child can produce (child vs. synthesize)
- object words as opposed to action words
- reduplicated syllables (mama)
21
Q
Social Development
Gives up immediate gratification based on promise of delayed privilege (can be bribed)
A
4 years
22
Q
How do we help children learn new words faster?
A
- simultaneously pair a word with its referent
- letting the new word be the only new word in a certain context (e.g., if you wanted to teach “pig” you’d want to make sure it was the only new word in that context)
23
Q
Motor Development
Walks up and down stairs, does not alternate feet
A
27 months
24
Q
What are dimensional words?
A
- Adjective pairs that indicate dimensions of objects (e.g., big/little, wide/narrow)
25
Motor Development
Constructs a tower of 7-8 blocks
36 months
26
What are the first dimensional words learns and what age?
Big/little around 3 years of age
27
Motor Development
Dresses and undresses self
39 months
28
What are relational terms?
- Express relationships in domains such as color, location, size, family roles, and temporal sequences
- these terms can be hard because they are often relative
- for example, whose mom is the skinniest? Whose dad is the tallest?
29
Motor Development
Copies cross and square
45 months (almost 4)
30
When should ch name blue, red, and yellow?
4-5 years old
31
Motor Development
Copies simple block letters
4 years
32
What are spatial words?
- indicate location of a referent in relation to some item
| - in, out, behind, under
33
Motor Development
Draws figures recognizable as a person with head, trunk, legs, and arms
5 years
34
When should ch know spatial relations?
5 years
35
What are kinship words?
- The first ones to develop usually refer to immediate family- mother, father, sister, brother
- then, ch gradually learn other layers of relatives
36
What are temporal words?
How things are related to each other in time
1. Words indicating simultaneity: while, at the same time
2. Order: before, after
3. Duration: since, until
37
What do children need for optimal development of pragmatic skills?
They need both varied and routine experiences
38
What is monologues?
Private speech-children talk to selves
39
What is socialized speech?
acknowledge partners' utterances, increase concern re:transmitting info
40
What is discourse or conversation?
Is a series of consecutive utterances shared by at least 2 people
41
What is cohesion?
Refers to the relatedness of successive utterances in discourse
42
What happens in symbolic play?
- Ch allows one thing to represent another
- it is closely associated to the development of words, which are symbols which stand for things
e.g., a kleenex may represent a doll's blanket
43
What is solitary play?
Ch plays independently, even if other ch are present
44
What comes first, solitary or parallel play?
Solitary
45
What is parallel play?
- Ch play near each other
- May be using similar items
- not playing with each other; not exchanging ideas
46
When does cooperative play come into the pictures
Around 4 years old
47
What is cooperative play?
- Ch interact with each other in organizing and executing an activity
- Sometimes assign roles- e.g., mom, dad, spiderman, etc.
48
What is style shifting?
This aspect of presupposition involves having the speaker modify how something is said based on the status of the listener
49
True or False
Preschoolers as young as 3 years of age are not capable of using please, could you, would you.
False
50
True or False:
Preschoolers increase in ability to tell stories
True
51
What are the 4 categories of a story a preschooler might tell?
- Setting
- Goal
- episode
- outcome
52
What is a setting in a story a preschooler might tell?
It provides the context and characters
53
What is a goal in a story a preschooler might tell?
Provides the characters' motivation
54
What is an episode in a story a preschooler might tell?
Describes the events related to the goal
55
What is the outcome in a story a preschooler might tell?
Provides the conclusion and states whether or not the goal was attained
56
What is contextualized language?
Utterances related to immediate context, here and now
57
What are narratives?
decontextualized, use language about objects, people, events not in immediate context
- children's development of narrative skills is heavily dependent on cognitive development
58
Who can help children with contextualized and decontextualized language?
Caregivers
59
What are the narrative levels?
- Primitive narratives/centering
- sequences/chaining
- Heaps
60
When does primitive narratives/centering occur?
4 years
61
When does sequences/chaining occur?
3 years
62
When does heaps occur?
30 months
63
What is primitive narratives/centering?
There are identifiable themes and elements that are conceptually related to the core topic
64
What is sequences/chaining?
Elements of story are releated to a central topic, but are not necessarily chronologically sequenced
65
What is heaps?
collections of unrelated utterances
66
What is topic introduction?
- young preschoolers physically introduce topics (e.g., pointing, putting an object in someone's hand)
- intro topics with the listener's name (mommy....)
67
At what age will ch have appropriate presuppositional skills?
after 3
68
What are presuppositional skills?
- Anaphoric reference, or the role PROUNOUNS play in referring back to words that occurred just prior to them
e. g., I saw Jason, and HE said to tell you hello
69
"The Avengers movie was awesome, and I'm so glad I got to see THIS MOVIE." Is an example of what we wouldn't say because of anaphoric reference
.
70
What is deixis?
- Words that point to their referent according to speaker's perspective
- Deictic words interpreted according to who said them
e. g., my/your, this/that, here/there, these/those
71
What are grammatical ellipsis? And when does it emerge and become mastered?
- A device speakers use to eliminate info listeners already know
- emerges gradually after 3, may not be mastered until school age
e. g., "I am so glad it's out!" (referring to a new movie that everyone knows about)
"Are we there yet?" (assumes everyone knows where there is)
72
How many turns per topic will 2-3 year olds have?
1-2
73
How many turns per topic will older preschoolers have?
up to 5
74
What is topic maintenance?
Speakers continue conversational topics by contributing comments related to their partner's last utterances
75
What is an aspect of topic maintenance?
- conversational repairs- behaviors that result in clarification of previous utterances and help maintain
- usually preschoolers do not request conversational repairs- just look confused
76
Research
What did ASHA Schools Conference 2012 Pamela Wiley say about social skills training?
- We need to begin early- even in preschool
| - problems in social skills can lead to negative consequences that can last a lifetime
77
Research
What did ASHA Schools Conference 2012 Pamela Wiley say about possible consequences of poor social skills?
- depression
- academic failure
- target of bullying, manipulation
- greatest concern of parents-bullying
78
Research
What did ASHA Schools Conference 2012 Pamela Wiley about the skill steps?
- When I see a new friend, I will smile and say "hi"
I WILL: look at their eyes
I WILL: play with what they are playing with and share
I WILL: not stand too close
I WILL: say nice words
79
What is one way to enhance preschoolers' emergent literacy skills?
Through print referencing
80
When does emergent literacy occur?
When an adult uses verbal and nonverbal cues to direct a child to the features of written language during shared storybook reading
81
What can adults do when reading with children?
- Comment about print
- Track print
- Ask questions about print
82
If young ch are fairly hyper and don't sit well during book reading what can the adult do?
- be exciting and dramatic when you read- use different funny voices
- use books with manipulable parts like flaps, buttons
- short books that have lots of pictures
83
Research
What did Hulit et all 2011 say re: ch of mothers who share lengthy interactions concerning past events (topic-extending style?
- they produce longer, more detailed narratives than children of mothers who do not elaborate
- so, if mom talks a lot with the child about past events, ch will be a better story-teller
84
Research
What did Bliss, McCabe, & Mahecha 2001 say re: build literacy skills?
- build ch's oral narrative skills first
| - Having children talk about the past e.g., what they did all day- is a precursor to reading
85
Research
How did Turnbull & Justice 2012 describe print awareness?
- Young ch develop interest in, appreciation for print
- Recognize print exists in environment and in books
- develop understanding of print conventions (left to right, top to bottom)
- learn language that describes print (e.g., letters, words)
- understand that print conveys meaning and has a specific function
86
When adults don't reference print, how often do preschoolers attend to books?
5-6%
