Lecture 10 - development Flashcards
Developmental psychology
the study of human growth and development
Stages of development
Prenatal environment
infancy
childhood
adolescence
adulthood
When is the prenatal stage
from conception to birth
- germinal stage (conception -> 2 weeks, zygote)
- embryonic stage (2 week -> 8 week, embryo)
- fetal stage ( 9 week -> birth, fetus)
what links the mother’s bloodstream the developing embryo/fetus
placenta
common teratogens
fetal alcohol syndrome: a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
smoking: higher risk of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), having weaker lungs and having an unhealthy low birth weight.
Infancy
the stage of development that begins at birth and last generally. until baby is walking (motor development)
Motor development
the emergence of the ability to execute physical action
reflexes: specific patterns of sensory stimulation. for infancy: rooting reflex and sucking reflex (helps with feeding)
cognitive development
the emergence of the ability to understand the world
Piagets stages of development
Sensorimotor stage (birth-infacny)
Preoperational stage (2-6 years)
concrete operational stage (6-11 years)
formal operational stage (11-adulthood)
What develops during the sensorimotor stage?
schemas: a knowledge structure that allows babies to interpret and understand the world around them
object permanence: you know an object or person still exists even when they are hidden and you can’t see or hear them
what develops during the preoperational stage?
egocentrism -> perspective
a child’s thinking is self-centered and shifts to have a different perspective
What develops during the concrete operational stage?
conservation: something can stay the same in quantity even though it looks different
what develops during formal operational stage?
Logic, reasoning, abstract thinking, hypotheticals
What did Vygotsky have to say about culture and cognitive development?
Socio-cultural tools exert strong influence on cognitive development
what is the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky)
the distance between what a learner can do with help and without help
what is required for learning? (Vygotsky)
social interactions and communication
what is social referencing? (Vygotsky)
the process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors
joint attention (Vygotsky)
at 9-15 months, babies can direct their attention to a point in space in which another’s eyes are directed
private speech (Vygotsky)
spontaneous self-directed talk in which a person “thinks aloud,” particularly as a means of regulating cognitive processes and guiding behavior
Current view of cognitive development
-Cognitive abilities develop in continuous, overlapping waves (not stages)
- preschoolers are not as egocentric as piaget thought
- children understand more than Piaget thought
cognitive development is greatly affected by culture
- Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of some adults
Harlow’s Baby Rhesus Monkey experiment
preferred soft cloth monkey over wire monkey with food
shows attachment: the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers
what happened without attachment
there can be negative effects sometimes brain damage
what is the ainsworth’s strange situation test
mom playing with kid, stranger comes in, mom leaves and baby freaks, mom comes back and stranger leaves
what happens at reunion tells you about the relationship of the mom and kid
how does a secure attachment show up in the ainsworth’s strange situation test
kid is calmed by mom right away
