Lecture 3

Question 1

Neuron

Answer 1

cells in the nervous system that communicate with on another to perform information-processing tasks

Question 2

parts of a neuron

Answer 2

cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheaths, nodes of ranvier, synapse

Question 3

cell body

Answer 3

coordinates information processing tasks and keeps the cell alaive

Question 4

dendrites

Answer 4

recives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

Question 5

axon

Answer 5

transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands

Question 6

myelin sheath

Answer 6

insulating layer of fatty material

Question 7

nodes of ranvier

Answer 7

increase efficiency of signal transmission

Question 8

synapse

Answer 8

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

Question 9

types of neurons

Answer 9

sensory
motor
interneurons

Question 10

sensory nuerons

Answer 10

TO BRAIN (eternal world-> spinal cord -> brain)

Question 11

motor neuron

Answer 11

TO BODY (spinal -> muscles -> movment)

Question 12

interneurons

Answer 12

neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons or other interneurons)

Question 13

electric signaling

Answer 13

communicating information within a neuron
1. resting potential: -70 millivolts ( Na/k pump pumps 3 Na+ out and 2K+ in –> negative)
2. threshold is met (-55 mv)
3. cell becomes positively charged (+40)
4. action potential: an electric signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse
5. refractory period has to reset to 70

Question 14

chemical signalling

Answer 14

synaptic transmission between neurons, when an action potential reaches the end of on axon at the terminal button and a neurotransmitter is released into the synapse, collected at the receptor of the receiving neuron

Question 15

how do neurotransmitters leave the synapse

Answer 15

reuptake: pump reabsorbes neurotransmitters
enzyme deactivation: enzymes eat the neurotransmitters
autoreceptors: concentration of NT are so high that the same terminal button that is releasing the NT is connected a triggered so it closed the gap stopping the release of NTs

Question 16

acetylcholine

Answer 16

voluntary muscle control, memory and learning (Alzheimers)

Question 17

Dopamine

Answer 17

regulated motor behavior, pleasure and emotional arousal (parkinsons)

Question 18

norepinephrine

Answer 18

influences mood and arousal (depression)

Question 19

serotonin

Answer 19

regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, aggression

Question 20

endorphins

Answer 20

chemicals that act within the pain and pleasure pathways (runners high)

Question 21

how does L-dopa help parkinsons

Answer 21

precursor to dopamine

Question 22

how does prozac help depression

Answer 22

SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (prevents reuptake int he synapes so it increase concentration)

Question 23

the nervous system

Answer 23

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 24

central nervous system

Answer 24

brain and spinal cord
spinal reflexes: simple pathways that rapidly generate muscle contractions

Question 25

peripheral nervous system

Answer 25

connects CNS to organs and muscles (somatic + autonomic)

Question 26

somatic nervous system

Answer 26

conveys information in and out of CNS

Question 27

autonomic nervous system

Answer 27

conveys involuntary and automatic commands to body (sympathetic ad parasympathetic)

Question 28

division of somatic NS

Answer 28

sensory: body to brain motor: braint o body

Question 29

division of autonomic NS

Answer 29

sympathetic: prepares the body for action parasympathetic: helps body return to normal resting state

Question 30

major divisions of the brain

Answer 30

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 31

parts of the hindbrain

Answer 31

pons, cerebellum, medulla, reticular formation

Question 32

function of pons

Answer 32

relays info between cerebellum and brain

Question 33

function of cerebellum

Answer 33

fine motor skills, coordination, balance

Question 34

function of medulla

Answer 34

coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

Question 35

function of reticular formation

Answer 35

regulated sleep, wakefulness and arousal level

Question 36

function of midbrain

Answer 36

important for orientation and movement

Question 37

function of forebrain

Answer 37

critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory and motor function

Question 38

parts of forebrain

Answer 38

cerebral cortex and subcortical stuctures

Question 39

what is the cerebral cortex

Answer 39

outer layer of brain, divided into 2 hemispheres

Question 40

where are the subcortical structures

Answer 40

under the cerebral cortex, center of brain

Question 41

what are the subcortical structures in the forebrain

Answer 41

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, amygdala

Question 42

function of the thalamus

Answer 42

relays information from senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

Question 43

function of the hypothalamus

Answer 43

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior

Question 44

function of pituitary gland

Answer 44

"master gland" releases hormones

Question 45

hippocampus

Answer 45

make new memories

Question 46

amygdala

Answer 46

emotional processes, formation of new emotional memories

Question 47

what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 47

made of 2 hemispheres (attached by the corpus callosum) that are divided into 4 lobes occipital parietal temporal frontal

Question 48

function of occipital lobe

Answer 48

primary visual cortex

Question 49

function of parietal lobe

Answer 49

processes information about touch (somatosensory cortex)

Question 50

function of the temporal lobe

Answer 50

hearing and language

Question 51

function of frontal lobe

Answer 51

motor cortex, planning, judgement, memory

Question 52

who was phineas gage

Question 53

what is contralateral representation in the brain

Answer 53

right hemi controls left body left hemi controls right body

Question 54

left hemi is responsible for

Answer 54

language

Question 55

right hemi is responsible for

Answer 55

visual-spatial