Lecture 10: Development of Self and Peer Relationships Flashcards
implicit self
the sense that one has a body that can experience and act on the world and that this body is separate from the world
when does the implicit self emerge?
it’s present from birth
how do we know when the implicit sense of self emerges?
the rooting reflex
self-concept
an organized set of beliefs about oneself
what question does the self-concept answer?
“Who am I?”
what does the self-concept include?
personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, and roles
when does the self-concept emerge?
around 18 months
how do we know when the self-concept emerges?
the rouge test
when do children start using the “me” pronoun and start calling themselves by their name
around 18 months
how does a child’s self-concept develop?
primarily by internalizing others’ perceptions of them
direct development of the self-concept
The caregiver describes a child in a certain way and the child incorporates that description into their self-concept
example of direct development of the self-concept
being told they’re good at math
indirect development of the self-concept
how children are treated
example of indirect development of the self-concept
caregiving experiences shape internal working models
what is the first characteristic present in children’s self-concept?
gender
when do children form a basic sense of gender identity?
2.5-3 years old
how does gender identity begin
by identifying as a boy or girl and labelling others as boys or girls
gender socialization
The process through which children learn about the social expectations, attitudes, and behaviours associated with girls and boys by internalizing the messages received about gender and caregivers and wider society
when does gender socialization begin?
from birth
gender socialization at birth
Parents of day-old infants describe newborn girls as softer, less strong, more delicate, and quieter than newborn boys
baby x studies
studies in which researchers label the same infant as a boy or a girl and then observe how adults interact with the infant
baby x studies findings
- Infants labelled as boys are rated as bigger, stronger, louder, and more likely to be encouraged to be active
- Infants labelled as girls received more talk and nurturance
gender socialization and crawling study question
how does gender shape parents’ expectations about motor skills?
gender socialization and crawling study method
parents of 11-month-olds estimated the steepest slope their infants could safely crawl down without falling by setting the angle on a mechanical sloping walkway. Infants were then tested on their actual crawling skills down slopes of different angles