Lecture 10 - Expertise Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is Ericcsson & Charness (1994) definition of expertise?
” Consistenyl superior performance on a specified set of representative tasks”
Ericsson argued the theory of delibertae practice is hugely importat
Software = learned stuff
What did Galton say?
hereditary genuis
- eminence/ fame is inevitable of natural ability
- argued evolution must also apply to mental characteristics
Who countered Galton?
John watson - give me perfect world i can make a child an expert in anything
What were Ericsson’s 3 lines of evidence that support nature
- Child prodigies
- Savants
- Heritability (Mz/Dz twins(
What was Ericssons view on child prodigies?
- Most child prodigies never attain exceptional levels of performance
- 10,000 hours still applys for child prodigies
- Early instruction and maximal parental support is much more important than innate talent
Outline Polgar Daughters
1992: 1st, 2nd and 6th chess
- Judit Polgar was grandmaster at 15, world number 1 women for 30 years, top 10 across genders
- Lazlo Polgar set out to make an env that would produce world class chess players
- ‘Genuises are made, not born”
What are savants
Memory that is exceedingly deep, but very narrow
- Skills like calender counting
- Skills like musical reciting
- E.g. stephen wiltshire
- Ericcson says you cant really teach this stuff
Outline environmentability vs heritability
Everything that isnt determined by genetics = environmentability
- E.g. muscle fibre distribution, aerobic capacity are 90% genetics, but can still be changed - training/ drugs
- Heart size, lung capacity, joint flexibility, bone strength can all be changed by training
- Body shapes arent always a constraint
- But certain body types are suited to certain sports
What did Norton & Olds (2004) do? in women
height by sport
- over time, body shape/ height is more diverse
- Certain body types suited to certain sports
- Basketball heaviest, gymnasts lightest
- lacrosse has wide range, tennis doesnt
What did Norton & Olds (2004) do? in men
- jockey was lightest, sumo/ lifting/ shotput was heaviest
- wide range in rugby unions, little range in shot put
How does Height affect salary in NBA
Taller = more money
7ft = 6.1 million
6 ft 4 = 3.3 million
- If someone is 7ft, under 40 in USA = 1 in 6 they are NBA
Who came up with Theory of deliberate practice
Ericsson & Charness (1994)
Outline Ericsson & Charness (1994) theory of deliberate practice
- Level of expertise = determined by amount and type of training and practice
- has to be useful practice
- experts roughlyhave 10,000 hours of deliberate practice
- 4 hours a day, 5 days a week, 50 weeks a year, for 10 years
- individualised training on tasks selected by qualified teacher
- Considerable, specific and sustained efforts to do something you cant do well yet
- dont do things you can do
How does env interact with 10,000 rule?
Need to create an env where 10,000 rule is achievable - agassi
- can be harmful though
What was the 1st prediction from theory of deliberate practice?
ELITES SPECIALISE AND ENGAGE IN MORE DELIBERATE PRACTICE EARLIER THAN NON-ELITES
- you should try loads then just specialise
- need to start young in some sports anyway
- For adult peak sports, early diversification is important
- the best decision makers competed in other team sports during team years
Outline Law et al (2007)
Found that in canadian olympic rhytmic gymnasts, they had:
- poorer physical health
- higher injury rate
- lower enjoymenet
- so starting early can be negative
- early diversification is associated with:
• higher amount of play
•more hours in practice of primary sport - fun but semi-organised participation
What was the second prediction of theory of deliberate practice?
ELITE ATHLETES DO MORE HOURS OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE THAN SUB-ELITES
- Not always 10,000 hours though, can be 4,000 or 6,000 etc
- Lots of variability (Chess masters = 3,000- 23,000)
Outline the berlin muscian academy study
By age 10, there was discrepancy in how much practice ‘good’ violinists had done and how much the ‘best’ had done
- shows correlation between level achieved and aount of practice
Outline Ford et al (2012)
Participant history questionnaire
- Looked at brazilian/ english football kids
- Asked them about amount of time in competition, in practice and in play
- More practice in england during early years
- brazils did more play when young
- more competiton in england, but less play
What were Côteé & Fraser (2008) criticism of theory of deliberate practice?
leaves out motivation
- what about fun, enjoymen and deliberate play?
6-12 years = 80:20 play to practice, 3-4 sports
What were cote and frasers stages of development of sport participation
•6-12 years - sampling years
- 80:20 play to practice,
- 3-4 sports
•13-15 - specliasing years
- 50:50
- 2/3
•16+ - investment years
- 20:80
- 1-2 sports
What are criticisms of 10,000 rule
X - cant prove it, cant find those with 10,000 hours who arent experts
X - relys on retrospective recall (likely to say you did more practice when you didnt)
X - ignores invidual variability - may be better before 10,000
X - ignores genetics
Outline Bouchard et al (1999)
V02 max - 20 week incremental exercise programme
- Some responded better to V02 training than others
- says genetics is important
Describe the relative age effect
Kids of the same age, have different body types/ shapes/ heights
- when you are born in your year group
- physical characteristics are important but vary a lot
