Lecture 6 - imagery/ goal setting Flashcards
(47 cards)
What are the aspects of imagery?
- visualisation
- mental rehersal
- symbolic rehersal
- covert practice
- mental practice
- recreating experiences in mind
- recalling memory and experiences as meaningful images
- Stimulates you like real thing, same neural pathways
Define imagery
“a symbolic experience that may occur in any sensory mode”
(hardy, jones & Gould (1996)
- symbolic experience, doesnt actually happen
Define mental rehersal
- “the cognitive rehersal of a task in the absence of overt physical movement (Driskell, Copper & Moran (1984)
- going over something but not actually moving
- can involve physical
How are senses involved in imagery?
- more sense involved= more vivid
- Tough to see positive one, just see negative
- Often add emotion to these images
- Involes visual sense, kniaesthetic sense (knowing where body/ bat is) , auditory (sound of hitting ball), olfactory (smell of grass)
What did Murphy, Jowdy and Durschi (1990) find?
100% of Sports psychologists and 90% athletes use that
- 96% say it help
- 84% olympic coaches use it in training
What were other findings for imagery?
- Orlick & partington (1988)
- 99% athletes used imagery
- more prevalent in sports with a strong start
- Murphy (1994) - eiter were better, you need to practice
- Feltz & landers (1983) - more benefical for cognitive, not physical, better for skilled performenrs
- Cumming & Hall (2002) - national athletes used it more than regional/ recreational
When is/ should imagery be used?
- before/ during/ after (hall, 2001)
- Athletes use it more before than during/after
- bad at post event reflections
- Should be used in injury rehabilitation - motivation to get back out there
what are the 2 reasons
- Content
- relates to WHAT person images
- muscles feeling loose - Function
- refers to WHY
- To feel relaxed
- cognitive or motivational
What is the content of imagery?
- Images of competigion surroundings - broad or related to purpose of imagery
- Positive/ negative characteristics of image
- positive more common in practice, negative in competition - Senses involveed
- visual, kina, aud, olf - Perspective takenin creating imagery
What are the 2 perspective of imagery?
Mahoney & Avener (1977)
- internal - from your own view
- External - from another
What has research shown about the perspectives of imagery?
elites prefer internal, but people tend to use both, or depends on task (Hardy & Callow 1999)
How does imagery work with neural system?
Stimulates same effect on nervous system as the actual experience - e.g. psych-neuromuscular theory, symbolic learning theory, bio-informational theory
What factors affect the use of imagery
- Nature of task (if it involves cognitive components
- Skill level of performer (novice or elite)
- Imaging ability (most important factor - distinguished
Who did the sport imagery questionnaire?
Hall et al (2005)
OUtline Hall et al (2005)
Sport imagery questionnaire
- investigate show good athletes are at imagery
- 4 areas = arousal/ mastery, goal-oreintated, game plans/ strategy, motor skills
- these areas are assessed on horizontal axis of general to specific
- and vertical axis of cognitive to motivational
- for instance, specific imagine can either be motivational, via being goal orientated or cognitive via motor skills
What did Cumming & Hall (2002) do?
Compared which type of combination of imagery athletes used
- assessed recreational, provincial, national ahtletes
- found recretaional imagine cognitive general most
- Elite Athletes use imagery more
Outline Psych-neuromuscular theory
- imagery produces similar neuromuscular activity to the actual movement
- brain is activated, but not as active
- predicts imagery is not as useful for cognitive tasks, like tactics
Outline supporting evidence for psych-neuromuscular theory
Jacobson (1931) - imagine arm movements produced small muscle contractions
Suinn (1976) - EMG activity greatest when imaging skiing over rought sections of course - as they require more concentration/ planning
Who came up with symbolice learning theory?
Sackett (1934)
Outline Sackett (1934) symbolic learning theory?
Imagery generates/ strengthens a mental blueprint of required action
- Enables rehearsal of cognitive aspects
Who came up with Bio-informational theory?
Lang (1977/ 1979)
Outline Lang (1977/ 1979) Bio-informational theory
Image = fucntionally organised propositions/ plans in the brain
- Stimulus propositions = content of scene to be imagined
- Response propositions = responses to scene (verbal, physiological, emotional)
- Cumming et al (2007) images with response propositions are better
Who came up with PETTLEP?
Holems & Collins (2001)
Outline PETTLEP
‘functional equivalence’ involves:
- Physical nature of movement
- environment
- Type of task
- Timing of movement
- learning content of movement
- Emotion of movement
- Perspective of person
For imagery to be sucessful, needs to recreate as many of these as possible
