Lecture 10 - Higher order cognition

Question 1

aphasia

Answer 1

inability to produce and/or comprehend speech fluently despite intact hearing and motor function

Question 2

which hemisphere is dominant for speech and language function

Answer 2

left

Question 3

what is the role of the right hemisphere in language

Answer 3

non-verbal and emotion comprehension

Question 4

who made the link between language production and brain function

Answer 4

Paul brocca

Question 5

what is broccas aphasia

Answer 5

patients cannot speak fluently and often skip words and get stuck articulating

Question 6

neural correlates of speech production

Answer 6

inferior prefrontal cortex

Question 7

who made the link between language comprehension and brain function

Answer 7

carl wernicke

Question 8

what is wernickes aphasia

Answer 8

patients cannot understand spoken language

Question 9

neural correlates of language comprehension

Answer 9

posterior superior temporal cortex

Question 10

what is double dissociation

Answer 10

both broccas and wernickes aphasias constitute a double dissociation which demonstrates that there are seperate systems in the brain that underpin either language comprehension or production

Question 11

semantic dementia

Answer 11

A memory deficit linked to semantic memory but also a language comprehension deficit

Question 12

conduction aphasia

Answer 12

patients can understand and produce language but are unable to repeat non-words

Question 13

neural correlates of conduction aphasia

Answer 13

arcuate fasiculus

Question 14

inferior prefrontal regions

Answer 14

speach production

Question 15

superior temporal regions

Answer 15

speech comprehension

Question 16

what is executive function

Answer 16

elementary cognitive abilities

Question 17

what brain area control executive function

Answer 17

the prefrontal cortex

Question 18

how is executive function assessed

Answer 18

most tasks focus on just one aspect but more recent tasks focus on emotion

example include - trail making test, stroop test and the Wisconsin sorting task

Question 19

shifting

Answer 19

requires a shift from one strategy to another, shows cognitive flexibility

Question 20

response inhibition

Answer 20

suppression of behaviour that is inappropriate in a given context

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 21

planning neural correlates and assessment

Answer 21

dorsolateral PFC

tower of Hanoi (London) test, picture arrangement test and the rey complex figure

Question 22

error monitoring

Answer 22

detection, evaluation and adjustment to an error, conflict or unexpected information

Austin maze task

Question 23

multiple demand network

Answer 23

diverse cognitive demands

Question 24

problem solving

Answer 24

underpinned by a number of executive functions working together