Lecture 5 - Basics of learning and memory

Question 1

habituation

Answer 1

decreasing response to a certain stimulus as a result of repeated exposure over time

Question 2

what part of the brain is involved in habituation

Answer 2

amygdala

Question 3

what is hedonic habituation

Answer 3

habituation to pleasurable stimuli

Question 4

sensitisation

Answer 4

progressive heightened awareness/responsiveness to a stimulus

Question 5

perceptual learning

Answer 5

learning to recognise entirely new things and adapting to that change

it is not only perception, but an increase in sensitivity to sensory stimuli as a response to training

Question 6

which part of the brain plays an important role in perceptual learning

Answer 6

extrastrite cortex

Question 7

motor learning

Answer 7

learning of sequences of motor responses

Question 8

associative learning

Answer 8

changes in knowledge or behaviour that result from the association of 2 of more events

Question 9

classical conditioning

Answer 9

the UCS and UCR and conditioned to the NS to produce the CR

Question 10

little albert

Answer 10

showed stimulus generalisation as he was afraid of all fury animals

Question 11

what is second order conditioning

Answer 11

pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus - weaker than the original pairing

Question 12

which part of the brain is key for classical conditioning

Answer 12

amygdala

the UCS and the CS converge in the lateral nucleus where axons they project to the central nucleus

Question 13

therapeutic uses of classical conditioning

Answer 13

systematic desensitisation
flooding
aversion therapy

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

the consequence of the behaviour affects the probability that the behaviour will be repeated

Question 15

positive reinforcement

Answer 15

add something to encourage behaviour

Question 16

positive punishment

Answer 16

add something to discourage behaviour

Question 17

negative reinforcement

Answer 17

remove something bad to strengthen behaviour

Question 18

negative punishment

Answer 18

remove something to discourage behaviour

Question 19

intermittent schedules of reinforcement

Answer 19

ratio = requires a minimum number of responses to produce the next reinforcer

interval = requires a minimum amount of time between successive reinforced responses

Question 20

fixed interval schedule

Answer 20

fixed time period between reinforcers

Question 21

variable interval schedule

Answer 21

variable time between reinforcers

Question 22

fixed ration schedule

Answer 22

required number of responses is fixed from one reinforced to the next
high rate of responses until the reinforcer is received

Question 23

variable ration schedule

Answer 23

the required number of responses may vary from one reinforcer to the next

Question 24

role of dopamine in reinforcement

Answer 24

ventral tegmental area (VTA) stimulation results in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (nAC)

Question 25

observational learning

Answer 25

learining through observation/experience of others, prone to imitation of admired adults bandura bobo doll

Question 26

how does the transition from learning to memory happen in the synapse

Answer 26

via long-term potential in the hippocampal neurons