Lecture 4 - Brain evolution and introduction to behavioural genetics

Question 1

which areas of the brain increased the most due to evolution

Answer 1

cerebellum

Question 2

who studies inheritance in pea plants

Answer 2

gregor mendel

Question 3

what are dichotomous traits

Answer 3

they always occur in one form or another

Question 4

what are true breeding lines

Answer 4

always produce offspring with the same traits

Question 5

how many matched pairs of chromosomes do human have

Answer 5

23

Question 6

XY

Answer 6

male

Question 7

XX

Answer 7

female

Question 8

what are sex-linked traits

Answer 8

traits determined by sex chromosomes

Question 9

what is turner’s syndrome

Answer 9

single sex chromosome

Question 10

what is klinefelters syndrome

Answer 10

one extra female sex chromosome

Question 11

mitosis

Answer 11

creation of 2 identical daughter cells from 1 parent cell

Question 12

meiosis

Answer 12

cell division across generations, creates 4 daughter cells, ends in the formation of gametes and zygote

Question 13

transcription

Answer 13

transfer of genetic information on the DNA to mRNA

Question 14

translation

Answer 14

the mRNA code is read and transferred to RNA in ribosomes which builds polypeptide chains from animo acids

Question 15

genetic mutations

Answer 15

changes to the DNA sequence that happen during cell division, can be inherited or acquired, changes in nucleotide order will impact the genetic code

Question 16

Down syndrome

Answer 16

born with an extra copy of chromosome 21

most common

Question 17

Proteus syndrome

Answer 17

mutation on ATK1 kinase in a mosaic state in chromosome 10 or 16.

associated with skin, bone and tissue overgrowth and tumours all over the body

Question 18

what is an example of single gene disorders

Answer 18

Huntingtons disease - an inherited neurodegenerative condition

Question 19

how is Huntingtons inherited

Answer 19

autosomal dominant with a 50% chance

Question 20

what is de la Chapelle syndrome

Answer 20

male phenotype with female chromosomes, the Y chromosome SRY gene which was translocated (included)
testosterone treatment

Question 21

incomplete dominance

Answer 21

tay-sachs disease - destruction of the nerve cells in the CNS
genetic mutation go the HEXA gene on chromosome 15

Question 22

what are examples of genomic imprinting abnormalities

Answer 22

angleman syndrome
pracder-willi syndrome

both caused by a deletion in chromosome 15 in the q11-q15 region

Question 23

angleman syndrome

Answer 23

loss of maternally inherited genes

Question 24

prader-willi syndrome

Answer 24

loss of paternal inherited genes

Question 25

multiple allele inheritance

Answer 25

more than 2 alleles on the chromosome

Question 26

schizophrenia

Answer 26

polgentic DISC-1 gene

Question 27

autism

Answer 27

developmental disability polygenic

Question 28

alzheimers

Answer 28

progressive condition effecting brain functions APOE-e4 gene is a risk gene effects production and processing of beta amyloid proteins

Question 29

human genome project

Answer 29

aims to compile a map of 3 billion nucleotide bases that comprise the human chromosome and link genome variations to disease

Question 30

epigenetics

Answer 30

study all mechanisms of inheritance and the role of the environment focus on phylotypic changes that do not alter DNA, but regulate gene expression