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PSYC359 > Lecture 10.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Route of Administration and why is it important?

A

Route of Administration refers to how a drug is taken or absorbed, which in turn influences the time course of the drug’s effect on the brain. Route of Administration is relevant for effects, differentiating types of drugs.

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2
Q

What are the different routes of drug administration, and how do their absorption and effects compare?

A

The different routes of drug administration are: Smoking/Inhalation, where drugs are absorbed via the lungs and result in the largest high and fastest effect; Intranasal/Sublingual/Buccal, where drugs are absorbed via mucosa and result in a medium high and medium speed of effect; and Injection/Oral, where drugs are absorbed via blood and result in a smaller high and slower effect.

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3
Q

What is cocaine hydrochloride?

A

Cocaine hydrochloride is a fine white powder often ‘cut’ with other substances to dilute it before use.

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4
Q

How does freebase cocaine differ from cocaine hydrochloride?

A

Freebase is a fine white powder purer than cocaine hydrochloride.

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5
Q

What is crack cocaine?

A

Crack is a crystalline form of cocaine.

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6
Q

How is ethanol produced?

A

Ethanol is produced by the natural fermentation of sugars in grains, fruits, or vegetables using yeast.

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7
Q

What are fermented beverages? Give examples.

A

Fermented beverages are the result of fermentation of sugars by yeast, for example, wine and beer.

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8
Q

What are distilled spirits? Give examples.

A

Distilled spirits are the result of distillation of fermented liquids, for example, vodka, gin, and rum.

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9
Q

What are liqueurs? Give examples.

A

Liqueurs are a mixing of distilled spirits with other ingredients, for example, coffee and amaretto.

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10
Q

What are phytocannabinoids?

A

Phytocannabinoids are bioactive compounds found in cannabis.

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11
Q

What are terpenes?

A

Terpenes are bioactive compounds found in cannabis.

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12
Q

What are flavonoids?

A

Flavonoids are bioactive compounds found in cannabis.

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13
Q

What are endocannabinoids?

A

Endocannabinoids are natural neurotransmitters activated by endocannabinoids.

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14
Q

What is THC?

A

THC is the primary psychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa.

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15
Q

What is CBD?

A

CBD is the primary non-psychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa.

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16
Q

From what plant is cocaine derived?

A

Cocaine is a drug derived from the leaves of the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca), native to South America.

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17
Q

According to the document, when was cocaine isolated as the active ingredient of the coca leaf, and who isolated it?

A

In 1860, Albert Niemann, a German graduate student, isolated cocaine as the active ingredient of a coca leaf.

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18
Q

What was the approximate concentration of cocaine in the original Coca-Cola?

A

The original Coca-Cola contained around 25mg/L of cocaine, or 9mg/glass.

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19
Q

When did Australia make cocaine illegal?

A

In 1920, the Dangerous Drugs Act made cocaine illegal in Australia.

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20
Q

When did Coca-Cola switch to a cocaine-free coca-leaf extract?

A

In 1929, Coca-Cola switched to a cocaine-free coca-leaf extract.

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21
Q

What is cocaine’s mechanism of action?

A

Cocaine’s mechanism of action inhibits monoamine re-uptake pumps to increase synaptic availability of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. It also has equal affinity for each pump. Also, it is a 5HT-3 antagonist, D1 agonist, NMDA agonist, opioid agonist, and blocks sodium channels, functioning as a local anesthetic. It also increases DA and NE levels in blood.

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22
Q

What effects on the brain are most important when considering cocaine?

A

The effects on dopamine are most important, as the blockage of the DA transporter leads to DA build up and overactivation of post-synaptic receptors. The effect is produced wherever the brain has DA receptors, including the Nucleus accumbens for feelings of pleasure or satisfaction, the Hippocampus and amygdala to retain memory of the high and trigger emotionally loaded memories, and the PFC for impairment, giving in to cravings.

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23
Q

How does the route of administration affect the subjective effects of cocaine?

A

Crack cocaine, a solid that is smoked, has effects that are instantaneous and last 5-10 minutes; cocaine, a salt powder that is snorted, has effects in 3-5 minutes and lasts 15-30 minutes; and dissolved cocaine, which can be injected, has effects in 15-30 minutes and lasts 20-60 minutes.

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24
Q

What are the typical subjective effects of an intoxicating dose of cocaine?

A

The typical subjective effects of an intoxicating dose of cocaine are a ‘high’ or euphoria, invincibility, a sense of wellbeing, increased talkativeness or rapture, and feelings of great physical strength.

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25
What are the typical physical effects of an intoxicating dose of cocaine?
The typical physical effects of an intoxicating dose of cocaine are enhanced performance on tasks, dilated pupils, dry mouth, increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and temperature, increased strength and energy, indifference to pain, and reduced appetite.
26
What are the subjective effects of high doses of cocaine?
The subjective effects of high doses of cocaine are severe anxiety, sleep disorders, paranoia, twitches and muscle tremors, nausea and vomiting, and chest pain.
27
What are the physical effects of high doses of cocaine?
The physical effects of high doses of cocaine are heart attack, kidney failure, seizures or convulsions, brain hemorrhage, and stroke.
28
What are the psychological effects of chronic cocaine use?
The psychological effects of chronic cocaine use are depression, anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, eating disorders, hallucinations, and impaired cognition, attention, insomnia, and exhaustion.
29
What are the physiological/behavioral effects of chronic cocaine use?
The physiological and behavioral effects of chronic cocaine use are weight loss, bruxism, sexual dysfunction, hypertension, irregular heartbeat, sensitivity to light and sound, cerebral atrophy, and increased risk of stroke.
30
What is the cocaine "crash" and when does it occur?
The cocaine "crash" is felt almost immediately after cocaine use is stopped.
31
What are the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal?
The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal are agitation or restlessness, depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, changes in sleep patterns, and increased appetite.
32
How long do cocaine withdrawal symptoms typically last?
Symptoms last 3-4 days, but some symptoms, such as craving and major depressive disorder, can last several weeks.
33
What is the DSM-5 name for cocaine-related disorders?
The DSM-5 name for cocaine-related disorders is Stimulant Use Disorder, specified to cocaine.
34
According to the DSM-5, what are the symptoms of Stimulant Use Disorder?
According to the DSM-5, the symptoms of Stimulant Use Disorder are increased intake, inability to quit, increased time to obtain, cravings, failed role obligations, use despite problems, activities given up, physically hazardous use, adverse consequences, tolerance, and withdrawal.
35
According to the DSM-5, how are mild, moderate, and severe Stimulant Use Disorders classified?
According to the DSM-5, mild Stimulant Use Disorder is classified as 2-3 symptoms, moderate is 4-5 symptoms, and severe is 6 or more symptoms.
36
What are some substance-induced specifiers for Stimulant Use Disorder according to the DSM-5?
Substance-induced specifiers for Stimulant Use Disorder according to the DSM-5 are psychosis, major depressive disorder, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, insomnia, sleep disorders, and sexual dysfunction.
37
Historically, how long have there been records of medicinal and recreational alcohol use?
There have been historical records of medicinal and recreational alcohol use dating back approximately 7000 years.
38
What evidence exists of fermented beverages in ancient civilizations?
Evidence of fermented beverages exists across several ancient civilizations, including Egypt, China, Mesopotamia, and Greece.
39
What key cultural influences has alcohol had?
Alcohol has had key cultural influences in rituals and religion, marking important life events, honoring the dead, and as a focus of worship of deities; social interactions, as an important part of social gatherings; and medicinal uses, as an analgesic and relief from fevers and colds.
40
What are the multiple mechanisms of action of alcohol?
Alcohol's multiple mechanisms of action include positive allosteric modulation of GABA-A receptors to enhance inhibitory effects of GABA, inhibition of NMDA receptors to inhibit glutamate activity and therefore reduce neuronal excitability, and interactions with dopamine and serotonin systems.
41
How is alcohol absorbed into the bloodstream?
Alcohol is primarily swallowed in liquid form and absorbed into the bloodstream via the stomach and small intestine.
42
What factors influence the speed of alcohol's effects?
The speed of alcohol's effect is dependent on food present in the stomach, body weight and metabolism, the alcohol content of the drink, medication use, and liver health.
43
What are the typical effects of an intoxicating dose of alcohol?
The typical effects of an intoxicating dose of alcohol, at 0.05% - 0.08 g% BAC, are feelings of wellbeing, a sense of relaxation, talkativeness, increased confidence, and reduced inhibitions.
44
What are the effects of high doses of alcohol?
The effects of high doses of alcohol, at 0.08 g% and above BAC, are slurred speech, impaired balance and coordination, unstable emotions, nausea and vomiting, impaired attention and memory, labored breathing, slowed reflexes, apathy, sleepiness, and possible loss of consciousness, coma, and death.
45
What are the psychological effects of chronic alcohol use?
The psychological effects of chronic alcohol use are depression, anxiety, impaired cognition and attention, and substance use disorders.
46
What are the physiological/behavioral effects of chronic alcohol use?
The physiological and behavioral effects of chronic alcohol use are diabetes, weight gain, impotence, fertility issues, cancer in the stomach, bowel, breast, mouth, throat, liver, and oesophagus, brain damage such as stroke and dementia, cardiovascular issues such as high BP, heart damage, and heart attacks, and cirrhosis and liver failure.
47
When do alcohol withdrawal symptoms typically begin?
Symptoms typically commence within 4 to 12 hours after stopping or significantly decreasing heavy long-term use.
48
What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?
The symptoms of alcohol withdrawal are anxiety, depression, irritability, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, headache, seizures, tremors, gastrointestinal upset, and heart palpitations, increased BP and HR.
49
When do alcohol withdrawal symptoms peak?
Symptoms peak within 24-72 hours, but some symptoms can last several weeks.
50
What is the DSM-5 name for alcohol-related disorders?
The DSM-5 name for alcohol-related disorders is Alcohol Use Disorder.
51
According to the DSM-5, what are the symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder?
According to the DSM-5, the symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder are increased intake, inability to quit, increased time to obtain, cravings, failed role obligations, use despite problems, activities given up, physically hazardous use, adverse consequences, tolerance, and withdrawal.
52
According to the DSM-5, how are mild, moderate, and severe Alcohol Use Disorders classified?
According to the DSM-5, mild Alcohol Use Disorder is classified as 2-3 symptoms, moderate is 4-5 symptoms, and severe is 6 or more symptoms.
53
What plant(s) is cannabis derived from?
Cannabis is a drug derived from plants Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, or Cannabis ruderalis.
54
How many bioactive compounds does cannabis contain? Name 3.
Cannabis contains over 400 bioactive compounds, including Phytocannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids.
55
Historically, how long have there been records of medicinal cannabis use?
There have been historical records of medicinal cannabis use dating back approximately 6000 years.
56
For what purposes was cannabis used in traditional Chinese and ancient Ayurvedic medicine?
Cannabis was used in traditional Chinese and ancient Ayurvedic medicine to treat pain, inflammation, mental ill-health, and digestion.
57
When was cannabis classified as a prohibited substance by the Single Convention of Narcotic Drugs?
Cannabis was classified as a prohibited substance by the Single Convention of Narcotic Drugs in 1961.
58
When was interest in cannabis renewed with the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS)?
Interest in cannabis was renewed in the 1990s with the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS).
59
According to the document, when did the WHO recommend rescheduling cannabis?
According to the document, the WHO recommended rescheduling of cannabis in 2019 to allow for medicinal and scientific use of cannabinoid substances.
60
What countries followed the WHO’s recommendation to reschedule cannabis?
Israel (2001), Canada (2001), Netherlands (2003), Switzerland (2011), Italy (2013), and Germany (2017) followed the WHO’s recommendation to reschedule cannabis.
61
What does the endocannabinoid system (ECS) involve?
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) involves cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids (endogenous ligands), and enzymatic pathways.
62
What functions is the endocannabinoid system (ECS) implicated in?
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is implicated in homeostasis, motor control, memory, cognition, stress, affect, reward-mediated behavior, appetite, and pain.
63
What are the two primary G-protein coupled receptors in the endocannabinoid system?
The two primary G-protein coupled receptors are Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1) and Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB2).
64
Where is Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1) primarily expressed, and what systems does it mostly inhibit?
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1) is primarily expressed in the brain and mostly inhibits other systems, including GABA, NMDA, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine.
65
Where is Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB2) primarily located, and what pathways is it implicated in?
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB2) is primarily located around the body and is implicated in immunity-related pathways.
66
What is the primary psychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa?
The primary psychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa is Tetrahydroabinol (THC).
67
What is THC’s mechanism of action?
THC's mechanism of action is partial agonism of CB1 and CB2.
68
What effects does CB1 agonism produce?
CB1 agonism produces psychoactive effects of euphoria, altered perception, changes in mood, and analgesia.
69
What effects does CB2 agonism produce?
CB2 agonism produces anti-inflammatory properties.
70
What are the pharmacokinetics of THC?
THC reaches peak concentrations in under 10 minutes after inhalation. Its plasma half-life is 1-3 days for occasional users and 5-13 days for chronic users.
71
What is the most abundant phytochemical in cannabis?
THC is the most abundant phytochemical.
72
What is the primary non-psychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa?
The primary non-psychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa is Cannabidiol (CBD).
73
What are the mechanisms of action of CBD?
CBD's mechanisms of action include inverse agonism and negative allosteric modulation of CB1 and CB2, CB1-low affinity for orthosteric site, and agonism of 5HT-1a receptors.
74
What effects does CB1-low affinity for orthosteric site produce?
CB1-low affinity for orthosteric site produces non-intoxicating effects, analgesia, anxiolytic, and anti-nausea effects.
75
What effects does CB2 produce?
CB2 produces anti-inflammatory properties.
76
What effects does agonism of 5HT-1a receptors produce?
Agonism of 5HT-1a receptors mimics 5HT function, producing antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.
77
What are the pharmacokinetics of CBD?
CBD's bioavailability varies depending on administration and form. Its plasma half-life is 18-32 hours.
78
What is the second most abundant phytochemical?
CBD is the second most abundant phytochemical.
79
What are the different ways cannabis can be consumed?
Cannabis can be smoked, eaten, or vaporized. Marijuana, consisting of leaves and buds, is smoked in a joint. Hashish, dried plant resin, is mixed with tobacco and smoked or baked into foods. Hash oil is added to a joint or cigarette and smoked. Concentrates are typically vaporized.
80
How do the subjective effects of cannabis vary depending on the route of administration?
Edibles have effects felt after 3-4 hours, while smoked or vaporized cannabis has effects felt within minutes.
81
What are the typical positive acute effects of cannabis?
The typical positive acute effects of cannabis are a 'high' or euphoria, a sense of wellbeing, relaxation, friendliness, and heightened senses.
82
What are the typical negative acute effects of cannabis?
The typical negative acute effects of cannabis are confusing past with present, slowing of thought processes, impaired memory and attention span, suicidal ideation, red or bloodshot eyes, and increased heart rate and lowered blood pressure.
83
What are the negative effects of high doses of cannabis?
The negative effects of high doses of cannabis are severe anxiety, panic, paranoia, toxic delirium, psychosis, and nausea and vomiting.
84
What are the psychological effects of chronic cannabis use?
The psychological effects of chronic cannabis use can contribute to or exacerbate latent major depressive disorder, anxiety, or psychosis, negative impacts on memory, concentration, and decision-making abilities, amotivation syndrome, detachment, blunted emotional responses, a general and nonspecific lack of motivation, tolerance, and therefore increased consumption, and dependence.
85
What are the physiological/behavioral effects of chronic cannabis use?
The physiological and behavioral effects of chronic cannabis use are respiratory problems such as sore throat, asthma, bronchitis, and lung damage, cancer if smoked with tobacco, long-term changes in blood pressure and heart rate, and Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome, characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain.
86
What is the DSM-5 name for cannabis-related disorders?
The DSM-5 name for cannabis-related disorders is Cannabis Use Disorder.
87
According to the DSM-5, what are the symptoms of Cannabis Use Disorder?
According to the DSM-5, the symptoms of Cannabis Use Disorder are increased intake, inability to quit, increased time to obtain, cravings, failed role obligations, use despite problems, activities given up, physically hazardous use, adverse consequences, tolerance, and withdrawal.
88
According to the DSM-5, how are mild, moderate, and severe Cannabis Use Disorders classified?
According to the DSM-5, mild Cannabis Use Disorder is classified as 2-3 symptoms, moderate is 4-5 symptoms, and severe is 6 or more symptoms.
89
What are the forms of medicinal cannabis?
The forms of medicinal cannabis are raw cannabis, cannabis extracts in oils, capsules, suppositories, solvents, oro-mucosal sprays, and topical applications.
90
What does the document say about the ratios of THC and CBD in medicinal cannabis products?
The document states that products contain different ratios of THC and CBD.
91
When was the compassionate use of medicinal cannabis legalized in Australia?
The compassionate use of medicinal cannabis was legalized by state and federal governments in Australia in October 2016.
92
According to the document, when were THC and CBD downscheduled in Australia, and from what to what?
According to the document, in November 2016, THC was downscheduled from S9 (prohibited) to S8 (controlled), and CBD was downscheduled from S9 to S4 (prescription only medicine).
93
When was <150mg/day CBD downscheduled in Australia, and from what to what?
In December 2020, <150mg/day CBD was downscheduled from S4 (prescription only) to S3 (pharmacist only).
94
According to the document, what medicinal cannabis products are approved medicines in Australia?
According to the document, most medicinal cannabis products are not approved medicines in Australia, except for Epidiolex, which is -100mg/ml CBD for the treatment of seizures, and Sativex, which is 80mg/ml nabiximols (combined THC/CBD) for the treatment of muscle stiffness in multiple sclerosis.
95
How does someone obtain a prescription for non-approved medicinal cannabis products or those exceeding 150mg/day in Australia?
Non-approved products or those exceeding 150mg/day require a prescription via Special Access Scheme pathways.
96
What are the SAS-A and SAS-B pathways for medicinal cannabis prescriptions in Australia?
SAS-A is a prescription for a patient defined as seriously ill and in need of unapproved therapeutics. SAS-B is a prescription for a patient who is not seriously ill but requires medication, and where the drug in question is not approved by the TGA.
97
What are the most common reasons for medicinal cannabis prescriptions?
The most common reasons for medicinal cannabis prescriptions are chronic pain, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, palliation, and chemotherapy-induced nausea.
98
What is the most common off-label use of medicinal cannabis?
The most common off-label use of medicinal cannabis is for anxiety.

PSYC359 (18 decks)

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