Lecture 9.2 Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
What is drug use?
A
Drug use is taking a psychoactive substance for non-medical purposes, such as out of curiosity or social reasons. It can be seen that there are escalating patterns of use that lead to alterations in the capacity to function.
2
Q
What can escalating patterns of drug use lead to?
A
Escalating patterns of drug use can lead to alterations in the capacity to function.
3
Q
What is drug abuse?
A
Drug abuse is a level of maladaptive drug use that leads to problems or adverse consequences in an individual’s daily life or capacity to function, including a loss of effectiveness in society.
4
Q
What are the consequences of drug abuse in an individual’s life?
A
The consequences of drug abuse in an individual’s life include problems or adverse consequences in their daily life or capacity to function, including a loss of effectiveness in society.
5
Q
What is drug dependence?
A
Drug dependence is the state of psychologically or physically requiring the substance, needing the drug in their system to function within ‘normal limits’.
6
Q
Why are drugs that shift emotions, perceptions, or subjective experiences likely to be taken in excess?
A
Drugs that shift either emotions, perceptions, or subjective experiences are likely to be taken in excess when effects are considered pleasurable.
7
Q
What are some examples of drugs of abuse?
A
Drugs of abuse can include legal prescription drugs such as morphine, benzodiazepines, and amphetamine, non-prescription drugs such as ethanol and nicotine, illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine, and socially acceptable drugs such as caffeine, alcohol, and food.
8
Q
What is the Gateway Hypothesis?
A
The Gateway Hypothesis states that one substance will act as a predictor for longer term and heavier problematic use.
9
Q
What determines whether a person will abuse a substance or become dependent?
A
What actually drives a person to use a substance abusively or become dependent on it depends on the individual characteristics of the person.
10
Q
What commonly produces tolerance and physical dependence with long-term use?
A
Prescribed medications for pain and anxiety commonly produce tolerance and physical dependence as a normal bodily response to long-term use.
11
Q
Do tolerance and physical dependence imply abuse or addiction?
A
Tolerance and physical dependence do not imply abuse or addiction.
12
Q
According to the document, what are the Three ‘C’s of Addiction?
A
According to the document, the Three ‘C’s of Addiction are: early social and recreational use out of curiosity eventually leads to a loss of behavioural and emotional control over patterns of use; over time, individuals become more tolerant of the effects, and withdrawal is increasingly likely, with cognitive distortions such as denial and minimization possibly occurring; and continued use occurs despite consequences, as the drug is now used to reduce withdrawal symptoms rather than to engage in the high.
13
Q
What cognitive distortions may occur with addiction?
A
Cognitive distortions such as denial and minimization may occur with addiction.
14
Q
What is a key characteristic of dependence once it is formed?
A
Once dependence is formed, it is a chronic condition.
15
Q
What is the primary focus regarding drug abuse?
A
The primary focus regarding drug abuse is on the harmful consequences of substance use.
16
Q
What is the primary focus regarding drug dependence?
A
The primary focus regarding drug dependence is on the physical properties someone starts to experience when the drug is leaving their system, rather than the ‘high’.
17
Q
What are the two types of dependence discussed?
A
The two types of dependence discussed are physical dependence and psychological dependence.
18
Q
What are the characteristics of physical dependence?
A
The characteristics of physical dependence are the presence of physical symptoms, such as shaking, flu-like symptoms, and pain, when not using the drug, and the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms in the absence of the drug, with tolerance to its effects developing with repeated use.
19
Q
What is an example given to illustrate physical dependence?
A
An example given to illustrate physical dependence is that Jason drinks, on average, 10 standard drinks of alcohol per day, and when the local pub was closed due to maintenance, he went 8 hours without a drink, and then he started to feel sick in the stomach, anxious, and had very strong cravings for a drink, which were alleviated once he had one.
20
Q
What are the characteristics of psychological dependence?
A
The characteristics of psychological dependence are the presence of psychological symptoms when not using the drug; it primarily produces pleasure and/or reduces craving; secondarily, it results in fear or anxiety as a result of a lack of drug; and obtaining, taking, and recovering from the drug represents a loss of behavioural control that occurs at the expense of most other activities, despite adverse consequences, dominating the person’s motivational hierarchy.
21
Q
What is an example given to illustrate psychological dependence?
A
An example given to illustrate psychological dependence is that Jason drinks, on average, 10 standard drinks of alcohol per day, and when the local pub was closed due to maintenance, he went 8 hours without a drink, and then he started to feel depressed and bored around the house, and then started to get anxious about where he could get a drink given that the pub was closed.
22
Q
How can drugs of abuse be classified?
A
Drugs of abuse can be classified by their behavioural effects.
23
Q
What are the CNS effects of stimulants?
A
The CNS effects of stimulants increase the activity of the CNS, increasing arousal, energy, and alertness.
24
Q
What are the effects of low doses of stimulants?
A
The effects of low doses of stimulants include euphoria, heightened wellbeing, increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased alertness, talkativeness, and reduced appetite.
25
What are the effects of higher doses of stimulants?
The effects of higher doses of stimulants include anxiety, tension, nausea, tremor, seizures, and increased body temperature.
26
What are the withdrawal symptoms associated with stimulants?
The withdrawal symptoms associated with stimulants include 'coming down' or a 'crash,' which are side effects for some days after use, and symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, low mood, difficulties sleeping, and psychomotor changes.
27
What are some examples of stimulants?
Examples of stimulants include legal substances like caffeine and nicotine, medications like methylphenidate, and illicit substances like cocaine and methamphetamine.
28
What are the CNS effects of depressants?
The CNS effects of depressants reduce the activity of the CNS, lowering arousal and inhibition.
29
What are the effects of low doses of depressants?
The effects of low doses of depressants include reduced inhibitions, enhanced mood, reduced anxiety and stress, and impaired judgment, as well as slowed breathing, which can lead to accidents or injury.
30
What are the effects of higher doses of depressants?
The effects of higher doses of depressants include vomiting, breathing difficulties, and impaired judgment and coordination.
31
What are the withdrawal symptoms associated with depressants?
The withdrawal symptoms associated with depressants commence shortly after cessation and last 5-7 days, with symptoms including flu-like symptoms, headache, sweating, aches, insomnia, nausea, and mood swings.
32
What are some examples of depressants?
Examples of depressants include alcohol, benzodiazepines, and GHB.
33
How do THC and CBD affect the CNS?
THC can have stimulant or depressant effects, depending on the dose, while CBD is a depressant.
34
What are the 'positive' effects of cannabinoids?
The 'positive' effects of cannabinoids include euphoria, heightened wellbeing, spontaneous laughter, increased appetite, relaxation, and calmness.
35
What are the 'negative' effects of cannabinoids?
The 'negative' effects of cannabinoids include anxiety, paranoia, and amotivation.
36
What are the withdrawal symptoms associated with cannabinoids?
The withdrawal symptoms associated with cannabinoids typically occur within 24-48 hours after cessation, and symptoms include aggression, anxiety, insomnia, loss of appetite, and shakiness.
37
What are some examples of cannabinoids?
Examples of cannabinoids include cannabis, which comes from the leaves and flowers of the plant, medicinal cannabinoids like Sativex and Dronabinol, cannabidiol which is isolate CBD, and Butane Hash Oil.
38
What are the CNS effects of psychedelics?
The CNS effects of psychedelics alter the activity of the CNS, changing subjective experiences and perception of reality.
39
What are the 'positive' effects of psychedelics?
The 'positive' effects of psychedelics include euphoria and relaxation.
40
What are the 'negative' effects of psychedelics?
The 'negative' effects of psychedelics include confusion, dizziness, fast heart rate and respiration, vomiting, sweating, and clumsiness.
41
What are 'bad trips' and 'flashbacks'?
'Bad trips' are hallucinations that lead to panic and/or unpredictable behaviour, while 'flashbacks' are triggered by stress or fatigue.
42
What are the withdrawal symptoms associated with psychedelics?
The withdrawal symptoms associated with psychedelics include anxiety, restlessness, depression, confusion, and amotivation.
43
What are some examples of psychedelics (or hallucinogens)?
Examples of psychedelics, also known as hallucinogens, include psilocybin or magic mushrooms, LSD, and mescaline.
44
What are the CNS effects of opioids?
The CNS effects of opioids are that they are depressants, reducing the activity of the CNS, and they are analgesics, providing pain relief.
45
What are the effects of low doses of opioids?
The effects of low doses of opioids include relaxation, analgesia, drowsiness, and slowed heart rate and respiration.
46
What are the effects of higher doses of opioids?
The effects of higher doses of opioids include cold or clammy skin, respiratory depression, constipation, tolerance, and dependence.
47
What are the withdrawal symptoms associated with opioids?
The withdrawal symptoms associated with opioids commence within 24 hours of the last dose and last 4-20 days, depending on the drug, and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, anxiety, insomnia, hot/cold flushes, sweating, and stomach cramps.
48
What are some examples of opioids?
Examples of opioids include medications such as codeine, fentanyl, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, and morphine, and illicit substances such as heroin.
49
How do drugs affect the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters (NTs)?
Drugs increase or decrease the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Drugs also increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters.
50
How do drugs affect receptors that respond to NTs?
Drugs activate or block the receptors that respond to neurotransmitters.
51
What are the biochemical effects of heroin?
The biochemical effects of heroin include increased synaptic dopamine levels due to DA neuron disinhibition.
52
What are the biochemical effects of alcohol?
The biochemical effects of alcohol include depressed neural activity by enhancing GABA neurotransmission and the release of opioid neuropeptides, which results in disinhibition of dopamine release.
53
What are the biochemical effects of methamphetamine?
The biochemical effects of methamphetamine include increased synaptic levels of DA, 5HT, and NE.
54
What are the biochemical effects of amphetamine?
The biochemical effects of amphetamine include impaired active transport of DA, 5HT, and NE into synaptic vesicles.
55
What are the biochemical effects of cocaine?
The biochemical effects of cocaine include increased extracellular DA, which leads to accumulation of NE and 5HT at post-synaptic receptors.
56
What are the biochemical effects of cannabinoids?
The biochemical effects of cannabinoids include increased DA and NE levels in blood, and cannabis activates cannabinoid receptors, decreasing excitability and neurotransmitter release.
57
What are the biochemical effects of LSD?
The biochemical effects of LSD include decreased GABA release, which increases synaptic DA levels, and LSD has an affinity for 5HT and DA receptors.
58
What is the role of 5HT-2a receptors in psychedelic effects?
Activation of 5HT-2a receptors mediates psychedelic effects.
59
What are the biochemical effects of psilocybin?
The biochemical effects of psilocybin, an analogue of 5HT, include being a non-selective agonist of 5HT receptors and a partial agonist of 5HT-2a receptors, which mediates psychedelic effects.
60
How is Substance Use Disorder classified in the DSM-5?
Substance Use Disorder is classified as a 'substance-related and addictive disorder' in the DSM-5.
61
What are some examples of substance-specific diagnoses?
Examples of substance-specific diagnoses include Alcohol Use Disorder, Tobacco Use Disorder, Cannabis Use Disorder, Hallucinogen Use Disorder, Opioid Use Disorder, Stimulant Use Disorder, Sedative/Anxiolytic Use Disorder, and Inhalant Use Disorder.
62
Are behavioural addictions classified in the DSM?
Caffeine is not in the DSM, and there are arguments about whether behavioural addictions should be classified as an addiction, which will be discussed later.
63
What are some examples of behavioural addictions?
Examples of behavioural addictions include internet addiction, sex addiction, shopping addiction, gaming addiction, food addiction, adrenaline addiction, and gambling addiction.
64
What are some symptoms of Substance Use Disorder?
Symptoms of Substance Use Disorder include increased intake, which is consuming more of the substance than originally planned or intended; inability to quit, which is worrying about stopping or consistently failed efforts to control one's use; increased time to obtain, which is spending large amounts of time using or doing whatever is necessary to obtain the substance; cravings and urges to use the substance; failed role obligations, which is not managing work, home, or school-related obligations because of substance use; use despite problems, which is continuing to use the substance, even when it causes problems in relationships; activities given up, which is giving up social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use; physically hazardous use, which is repeatedly using the substance in dangerous situations, such as driving; adverse consequences, which is continuing to use the substance, despite awareness of physical or psychological problems that could have been caused or made worse by the substance; tolerance, which is a need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect or a markedly diminished effect for the same amount of the substance; and withdrawal, which is physical or psychological symptoms emerging after cessation or reduction, or taking the substance to alleviate symptoms.
65
How is Substance Use Disorder diagnosed?
Substance Use Disorder is diagnosed by identifying a problematic pattern of use of a substance which impairs functioning, including two or more symptoms occurring within a one-year period.
66
How is the severity of Substance Use Disorder determined?
The severity of Substance Use Disorder is determined based on the number of symptoms reported: mild is 2-3 symptoms, moderate is 4-5 symptoms, and severe is 6 or more symptoms.
67
According to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2023), what percentage of Australians aged 16-85 years had a SUD in the preceding 12 months?
3% of Australians aged 16-85 years had a SUD in the preceding 12 months.
68
According to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2023), is SUD more prevalent in males or females?
Males are twice as affected as females.
69
According to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2023), in which age group is the highest prevalence of SUD found?
The highest prevalence is amongst 16-24 year-olds.
70
What is the relationship between earlier onset of substance use and the risk of SUD?
Earlier onset of substance use increases the risk of SUD.
71
According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (AIHW, 2024), how does illicit drug use compare between people with and without mental health conditions?
Compared to people without mental health conditions, people with a mental health condition were 1.8 times as likely to have recently used any illicit drug.
72
According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (AIHW, 2024), how does cannabis use compare between people with and without mental health conditions?
Compared to people without mental health conditions, people with a mental health condition were 2 times as likely to have used cannabis.
73
According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (AIHW, 2024), how does meth/amphetamine use compare between people with and without mental health conditions?
Compared to people without mental health conditions, people with a mental health condition were 3.9 times as likely to have used meth/amphetamines.
74
According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (AIHW, 2024), how do ecstasy and cocaine use compare between people with and without mental health conditions?
Compared to people without mental health conditions, people with a mental health condition were 1.5 times as likely to have used ecstasy or cocaine.
75
According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (AIHW, 2024), what are some challenges faced by people with mental health conditions in relation to treatment for SUD?
People with mental health conditions are less responsive to treatment, sooner to relapse, and have lower adherence to treatment.
76
What are some of the worse outcomes linked to the prognosis of Substance Use Disorder?
The prognosis of Substance Use Disorder is linked to worse outcomes in physical health, social and occupational functioning, relationship problems, self-harm or suicide, violence, homelessness, and an increased likelihood of other SUDs.
77
What are some comorbid psychological conditions associated with SUDs?
Comorbid psychological conditions associated with SUDs include major depressive disorder.
78
What is the most common comorbid psychological condition?
Major Depressive Disorder is the most common comorbid psychological condition.
79
What are some risk factors for SUD onset?
Risk factors for SUD onset include genetics and childhood trauma.
80
According to Deak & Johnson (2021), what are the heritability estimates for Alcohol Use Disorder?
Heritability estimates for Alcohol Use Disorder are h2 ~0.50 to 0.64.
81
According to Deak & Johnson (2021), what are the heritability estimates for Nicotine Use Disorder?
Heritability estimates for Nicotine Use Disorder are h2 ~0.30 to 0.70.
82
According to Deak & Johnson (2021), what are the heritability estimates for Cannabis Use Disorder?
Heritability estimates for Cannabis Use Disorder are h2 ~0.51 to 0.59.
83
According to Deak & Johnson (2021), what are the heritability estimates for Opioid Use Disorder?
Heritability estimates for Opioid Use Disorder are h2 ~0.50.
84
According to Deak & Johnson (2021), what are the heritability estimates for Cocaine Use Disorder?
Heritability estimates for Cocaine Use Disorder are h2 ~0.4 to 0.80.
85
According to Han et al. (1999), what are the heritability liabilities for tobacco use in males and females?
Heritability liabilities for tobacco use are 59% for males and 11% for females.
86
According to Han et al. (1999), what are the heritability liabilities for alcohol use in males and females?
Heritability liabilities for alcohol use are 60% for males and 10% for females.
87
According to Han et al. (1999), what are the heritability liabilities for other drug use in males and females?
Heritability liabilities for other drug use are 33% for males and 11% for females.
88
What does an h2 value of ~1 indicate?
An h2 value of ~1 indicates a large portion of variation in a population due to genetics.
89
What does an h2 value of ~0 indicate?
An h2 value of ~0 indicates most of the variation in a trait in a population is due to environmental factors.
90
According to Anda et al. (2006), how does childhood abuse affect the risk of substance use?
Childhood abuse, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, increases the risk of smoking, alcoholism, illicit drug use, and injected drug use.
91
According to Dube et al. (2003), what is the relationship between emotional abuse and substance use?
Emotional abuse is a predictor of earlier initiation of alcohol and illicit drug use.
92
According to Pietrzak et al. (2011), what percentage of individuals with PTSD meet the criteria for one or more SUD?
Approximately 47% of individuals with PTSD meet the criteria for one or more SUD.
93
According to Hruska et al. (2017), what is the typical chronological relationship between PTSD and substance misuse?
PTSD precedes substance misuse.
94
According to Nunes-Neto et al. (2018), what early life experiences are associated with food addiction?
Food addiction is independently associated with early life psychological and sexual abuse.
95
How does early adolescent substance use increase risk?
Early adolescent substance use significantly increases risk and interferes with neurodevelopment, as adolescent networks underlying impulsivity are the same as those that underlie SUDs.
96
According to Jordan & Andersen (2017), what are some predisposing factors for early adolescent substance use?
Predisposing factors for early adolescent substance use include impulsivity, exposure to adversity, lack of parental monitoring, peer influence, and availability of substances.
97
What are some aetiological models of substance use?
Aetiological models of substance use include the Moral Model, Disease Model, Genetic Models, Reward Deficiency Model, Personality Models, Social Learning Model, Cognitive Models, and Biopsychosocial Model.
98
What is the Moral Model of substance use?
The Moral Model of substance use proposes that substance use is due to moral weakness and a deficiency in willpower.
99
What are the views on addicts in the Moral Model?
In the Moral Model, addicts are viewed as morally bankrupt, wicked people.
100
What is the focus of the Moral Model?
The focus of the Moral Model is on punishment.
101
Does the Moral Model have empirical support?
The Moral Model has little empirical support, though it is still reflected in societal attitudes.
102
What is the Disease Model of substance use?
The Disease Model of substance use proposes that substance dependence is a disease.
103
According to the Disease Model, what is the nature of substance dependence?
According to the Disease Model, substance dependence is a progressive, irreversible, chronic condition, characterized by a loss of control over substance use.
104
According to the Disease Model, what is the only option for treatment?
According to the Disease Model, abstinence is the only option for treatment.
105
Does the Disease Model have empirical support?
The Disease Model has some empirical support and is reflected in the medical community.
106
What is the Genetic Model of substance use disorders?
Genetic Models propose a genetic predisposition to substance use disorders.
107
What types of studies support the Genetic Model?
Twin and adoption studies support the Genetic Model.
108
Is there a specific gene for SUDs?
It is likely that there are polygenetic influences on SUDs.
109
What is the Reward Deficiency Model?
The Reward Deficiency Model proposes that dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in reward and that addicts have a deficiency in the brain's reward system.
110
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in reward?
Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in reward.
111
According to the Reward Deficiency Model, what do addicts have a deficiency in?
According to the Reward Deficiency Model, addicts have a deficiency in the brain's reward system.
112
According to the Reward Deficiency Model, how do substances affect DA levels?
According to the Reward Deficiency Model, substances increase dopamine levels, compensating for the deficit.
113
What is the genetic predisposition according to the Reward Deficiency Model?
The genetic predisposition according to the Reward Deficiency Model is to lower dopamine activity.
114
What happens to DA receptors with chronic substance use?
Chronic substance use downregulates dopamine receptors.
115
Is there evidence for the Reward Deficiency Model?
There is evidence for the Reward Deficiency Model.
116
What do Personality Models suggest increases the risk of substance use?
Personality Models suggest that certain personality traits increase the risk of substance use.
117
What is the self-medication hypothesis?
The self-medication hypothesis is that a lack of coping skills increases the risk of substance use.
118
Is there strong empirical support for Personality Models?
There is mixed empirical support for Personality Models.
119
What is the Social Learning Model of substance use?
The Social Learning Model of substance use proposes that substance use is learned through observation and reinforcement.
120
What are some sources of observation and reinforcement in the Social Learning Model?
Sources of observation and reinforcement in the Social Learning Model include role models, peers, and family.
121
What are examples of positive and negative reinforcement in the Social Learning Model?
Positive reinforcement examples include pleasure and social acceptance, while negative reinforcement examples include relief from stress and anxiety.
122
Is there strong empirical support for the Social Learning Model?
There is strong empirical support for the Social Learning Model.
123
How do Cognitive Models explain substance use?
Cognitive Models explain that cognitive processes influence substance use.
124
What are expectancies, coping, and self-efficacy in the context of Cognitive Models?
In Cognitive Models, expectancies are beliefs about the effects of substances, coping refers to using substances to cope with negative emotions, and self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to control substance use.
125
Is there evidence for the role of expectancies and coping?
There is evidence for the role of expectancies and coping.
126
What factors does the Biopsychosocial Model integrate?
The Biopsychosocial Model integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.
127
According to the Biopsychosocial Model, is there a single cause of substance use disorders?
According to the Biopsychosocial Model, there is no single cause of substance use disorders.
128
Which model is considered the most comprehensive?
The Biopsychosocial Model is considered the most comprehensive model.
129
According to the document, what do all drugs of abuse increase in the mesolimbic pathway?
According to the document, all drugs of abuse increase dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway.
130
What is the pathway from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc)?
The pathway is from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc).
131
What is DA involved in?
DA is involved in reward, motivation, and reinforcement.
132
What other neurotransmitters are involved in the neurobiology of addiction?
Other neurotransmitters that are also involved in the neurobiology of addiction include GABA, glutamate, and serotonin.
133
What is the role of DA release in the NAc?
Dopamine is released in the NAc in response to rewarding stimuli and in response to drug cues.
134
What happens to DA release in response to drug cues?
Dopamine is released in response to drug cues.
135
What effect does DA depletion have on drug self-administration?
Dopamine depletion reduces drug self-administration.
136
What effect do DA antagonists have on drug-seeking behaviour?
Dopamine antagonists reduce drug-seeking behaviour.
137
What is DA sensitization?
DA sensitization is the increased dopamine response to drugs with repeated use.
138
What happens to drugs and associated stimuli with incentive sensitization?
With incentive sensitization, drugs and associated stimuli become highly salient.
139
According to the document, what is the difference between 'wanting' and 'liking' in the context of incentive sensitization?
In the context of incentive sensitization, there is 'wanting' versus 'liking'.
140
Which system becomes sensitized to drugs and cues: the DA system or the opioid system?
The dopamine system becomes sensitized to drugs and cues.
141
What happens to 'wanting' and 'liking' with repeated drug use?
'Wanting' for the drug increases, while 'liking' may decrease with repeated drug use.
142
Which system (DA or opioid) is associated with 'wanting', and which is associated with 'liking'?
The dopamine system is associated with 'wanting,' and the opioid system is associated with 'liking'.
143
What does the document state about the DA system's responsiveness to drugs and cues in addiction?
The dopamine system becomes hyper-responsive to drugs and cues in addiction.
144
What mediates incentive salience (wanting)?
Drug-associated stimuli mediate incentive salience, or 'wanting'.
145
According to the document, what causes drugs and associated stimuli to become compulsively wanted?
Drug-induced sensitization of dopamine systems causes drugs and associated stimuli to become compulsively wanted.
146
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, what is the role of the VTA?
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, the VTA is responsible for the production of dopamine.
147
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, what is the role of the DS?
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, the DS is responsible for the release of dopamine.
148
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, what is the role of the NA and VS?
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, the NA and VS are responsible for the association of reward and motivation.
149
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, what is the role of the OFC?
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, the OFC is responsible for reward value and expected reward value.
150
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, what is the role of the amygdala?
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, the amygdala is responsible for the positive emotion attached to reward.
151
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, what is the role of the hypothalamus?
In the neurocircuitry of SUDs, the hypothalamus influences eating and pleasure.
152
What are the three stages of the Integrated Theories model?
The three stages of the Integrated Theories model are Binge/Intoxication, Withdrawal/Negative Affect, and Preoccupation/Anticipation.
153
What is associated with the initial use of substances in the Binge/Intoxication stage?
The initial use of substances in the Binge/Intoxication stage is associated with euphoria, pleasure, or relief from stress/pain because of dopamine release.
154
What behaviours are experienced in the Binge/Intoxication stage?
In the Binge/Intoxication stage, individuals experience a loss of control and impulsive behaviours that relate to substance use.
155
What occurs during the Withdrawal/Negative Affect stage?
During the Withdrawal/Negative Affect stage, withdrawal symptoms occur when substance use is stopped.
156
What prompts further substance use in the Withdrawal/Negative Affect stage?
Discomfort and negative emotions prompt further substance use in the Withdrawal/Negative Affect stage.
157
What characterizes the Preoccupation/Anticipation stage?
The Preoccupation/Anticipation stage is characterized by persistent thoughts about the substance, or craving, and planning and decision-making to seek out drugs for use.
158
What triggers cravings in the Preoccupation/Anticipation stage?
Environmental cues trigger cravings in the Preoccupation/Anticipation stage.
159
According to the document, how does substance use occur across the three stages?
Substance use occurs as a cycle across the three stages.
160
What is the name of the behaviour change model depicted in the diagram?
The behaviour change model depicted in the diagram is the Transtheoretical Model of Change.
161
According to the Transtheoretical Model, what are the stages of change?
According to the Transtheoretical Model, the stages of change are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse.
162
What are the characteristics of the pre-contemplation stage?
The characteristics of the pre-contemplation stage are subconsciousness, no intention to start change, and unawareness of the need to change.
163
What are the characteristics of the contemplation stage?
The characteristics of the contemplation stage are consciousness, intention to start change, and ambivalence, which includes pros and cons.
164
What are the characteristics of the preparation stage?
The characteristics of the preparation stage are pre-action, readiness to start change, and concern of failure.
165
What are the characteristics of the action stage?
The characteristics of the action stage are the current 'action' and having changed.
166
What are the characteristics of the maintenance stage?
The characteristics of the maintenance stage are keeping up commitment, monitoring, being aware, and coping with stress.
167
What are the characteristics of the relapse stage?
The characteristics of the relapse stage are resuming and needing to deal with support.
