Lecture 11

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

feeling that occurs when a person is in a
state or interaction that is important to self and well-being

Question 2

Emotional Development

Answer 2

Classified as positive or negative and plays important role in: communication with others and behavioral organization

Question 3

Emotion-linked interchanges

Answer 3

Provide the foundation for infant’s developing attachment to the parent

Question 4

Primary Emotions

Answer 4

present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life
ex. joy, sadness, fear, surprise

Question 5

Self-conscious emotions

Answer 5

require self-awareness, especially consciousness and
a sense of “me.”

Question 6

Basic cry

Answer 6

Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of: a cry, brief silence, shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, brief rest before the next cry

Question 7

Anger cry

Answer 7

variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced
through the vocal cords.

Question 8

Pain cry

Answer 8

sudden long, loud cry followed by breath holding

Question 9

Reflexive smile

Answer 9

smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli

Question 10

Social smile

Answer 10

in response to an external stimulus

Question 11

Stranger anxiety

Answer 11

fear and wariness of strangers, appears during the second half of the first year of life

Question 12

Separation protest

Answer 12

distressed crying when the caregiver leaves(peaks
at 15 months)

Question 13

Emotional regulation and coping

Answer 13

Infants develop ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
Caregivers’ actions and contexts influence emotional regulation.
Soothing a crying infant helps infant develop an adaptive emotion regulation, a sense of trust and secure attachment to caregiver.
Infants with negative temperaments have fewer regulation strategies.
Depressed mothers rock and touch their crying infants less.

Question 14

Temperament

Answer 14

How quickly an emotion is shown, how strong, how this emotion lasts, how quick it fades

Question 15

Easy child

Answer 15

generally in a positive mood.
Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy
Adapts easily to new experiences

Question 16

Difficult child

Answer 16

reacts negatively and cries frequently
Engages in irregular daily routines
Slow to accept change

Question 17

Slow-to-warm-up child

Answer 17

low activity level
Somewhat negative
Displays a low intensity of mood

Question 18

Temperament Classification
Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition

Answer 18

Focused on differences between shy, subdued, timid child and sociable, extraverted, bold child
Consider shyness with strangers as a feature of temperament category called “inhibition to the unfamiliar”
Inhibition begins between 7-9 months with initial avoidance and distress as reactions to unfamiliarity
Inhibition seen beyond 2-3 years may corollate to social
phobia and development of social anxiety

Question 19

Rothbart and Bates’s classification (2006)

Answer 19

Extraversion/surgency indicated by activity, laughter
Negative affectivity indicated by sadness, discomfort
Effortful control important indicator for self-regulation

Question 20

Goodness of fit

Answer 20

match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.

Question 21

Gender, culture, and temperament

Answer 21

Parents may react differently to an infant’s temperament depending on gender.
Cultural differences in temperament were linked to parent attitude and behaviors.

Question 22

Trust

Answer 22

Erikson: the first year is characterized by trust-versus-mistrust and can arise at successive stages of development

Question 23

Developing sense of self

Answer 23

Self-recognition develops by 18 months of age.

Question 24

Independence

Answer 24

Erikson’s second stage of development, autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 25

Social orientation

Answer 25

Face-to-face play starts at 2 to 3 months old Infants expect people to react positively when the infant initiates a behavior such as a smile

Question 26

Still-face paradigm

Answer 26

caregiver alternates between engaging in face-toface interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive leads to infant being withdrawn and having negative emotions, which predicts later secure and insecure attachment

Question 27

Locomotion

Answer 27

An expansion to interacting with the social world 7- to 8-month-old babies push for independence, rewarded for goal-directed pursuits

Question 28

Meaningful Interactions with Others

Answer 28

By 11 months old, babies understand others and make appropriate social responses, the cognitive foundation for being social

Question 29

Social referencing

Answer 29

reading others’ emotional cues to understand how to act. Improved by second year of life 14-22 month old infants will look at their mother’s facial expression to get info on how to react

Question 30

Bowlby: Four phases of attachment.

Answer 30

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal working model of attachment A simple mental model of caregiver, their relationship and the self as deserving nurturing care

Question 31

Phase 1

Answer 31

from birth to 2 months. Infants direct their attachment to human figures.

Question 32

Phase 2

Answer 32

from 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure (primary caregiver)

Question 33

Phase 3

Answer 33

from 7 to 27 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotion, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers.

Question 34

Phase 4

Answer 34

from 24 months on. Children become aware of others’ feelings and goals and account for them in their own actions

Question 35

Securely attached babies

Answer 35

use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. They will explore the room and toys. Mild protest when caregiver leaves but reestablish positive behavior when the caregiver returns

Question 36

Insecure avoidant babies

Answer 36

show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. Babies engage un little interaction with the caregiver, are not distressed when the caregiver leaves the room, and do not establish contact when they return

Question 37

Insecure resistant babies

Answer 37

cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness. babies cling anxiously and do not explore the playroom. Babies will cry when caregiver leaves and then pushes caregiver away when they return

Question 38

Insecure disorganized babies

Answer 38

show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented. Babies might seem dazed, confused, fearful. Show patters of avoidance and rests, or extreme fearfulness from caregiver

Question 39

Strange situation

Answer 39

observational measure of infant attachment. This takes 20 minutes in which the infant moves through a series of Introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in prescribed order. Based on how babies respond in the strange situation, they are described as securely attached or insecurely attached to the caregiver in 3 ways

Question 40

Developmental Cascade Model

Answer 40

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes. Dev cascades include connections between biological cognitive and socioemotional processes.

Question 41

Importance of secure attachment in infants

Answer 41

Reflects a positive parent–infant relationship. Provides a foundation for healthy socioemotional development.

Question 42

Caregivers of insecurely attached infants

Answer 42

tend to be unavailable or rejecting, inconsistent, abusive. May often have little physical contact with their child.

Question 43

Caregivers of resistant babies

Answer 43

tend to not be very affectionate with their children

Question 44

Caregivers of securely attached babies

Answer 44

are sensitive to their signals and respond to their infants needs constantly (Maternal sensitivity)

Question 45

Brain regions Important role in maternal attachment behavior

Answer 45

Prefrontal cortex Subcortical regions of the amygdala Hypothalamus

Question 46

Role of hormones and neurotransmitters

Answer 46

oxytocin (released during breast feeding, helps with forming maternal-infant bond) Oxytocin is released during contact and warmth Neuropeptides influence the secretion of dopamine

Question 47

Reciprocal socialization

Answer 47

bidirectional influence parents and children exert on each other Children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.

Question 48

Scaffolding

Answer 48

a form of reciprocal socialization. parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with parents.