Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Multi-dimensional development
A
Changes in physical nature
Ex-motor development, puberty, inherited genes, weight
Changes in thoughts, intelligence, language development
Changes in relationships, emotions, personality
2
Q
Multidirectional development
A
Language development
3
Q
Development is…
A
Plastic
Contextual
4
Q
Normative age-graded influences
A
Puberty and menopause
Starting school and retiring
5
Q
Normative history-graded influences
A
Common moments in history shared by a generation
6
Q
Normative life events
A
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people
7
Q
Prenatal period
A
Cell → organism with brain + behavioral capabilities
8
Q
Infancy
A
Beginning of language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination social learning
9
Q
Early childhood
A
pre-K, more self-sufficient, learn to care for themselves, school, readiness skills, long periods of play
10
Q
Middle and late childhood
A
Reading shills, writing, arithmetic, increased self- control
11
Q
Adolescence
A
Rapid physical change
Pursuit of independence + identity
12
Q
Early adulthood
A
Establish economic + personal independence
13
Q
Middle adulthood
A
Enhancing social involvement, advancing career
14
Q
Late adulthood
A
Reflective period, adjustment to new roles and altered health
15
Q
Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
A
First 5 yrs of life shape personality
Early years most important
5 phases: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
16
Q
Erik Erikson Psychoanalytic Theory
A
Development occurs throughout lifespan
Importance in early and late years
8 phases: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair
Each stage is a conflict
17
Q
Piaget Cognitive Theory
A
Sensorimotor stage, Pre-operational stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational stage
18
Q
Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory
A
Emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
19
Q
Skinner (behavioral and social cognitive theory)
A
Operant conditioning
Rewards ad punishments shape behavior
20
Q
Bandura (behavioral and social cognitive theory)
A
Development: behavior, environment, cognition
Learning occurs through imitation (observational learning)
21
Q
Data Collection methods
A
Observation, naturalistic observations, survey and interviews, standardized tests, case studies, MRI, EEG, heart rate
22
Q
Descriptive research
A
Describes a phenomenon
Involves observation and recording of behavior
Can’t prove cause of phenomenon. Identifies important information about behavior
23
Q
Correlational research
A
Prediction of behavior/phenomenon
Measures strength of relationship between 2 variables
Correlation coefficient
Correlation doesn’t equal causation
24
Q
Experimental research
A
Identifies cause of phenomenon
Includes dependent and independent variables
Involves experimental and control groups
Yields cause and effect
25
Experimental group
Group whose experience is manipulated
26
Control group
Comparison group similar to experimental group except for manipulating factor (independent variable)
27
Cross-sectional approach
Individuals of different ages are compared at one time
28
Longitudinal approach
Same individual studied over a period of time
29
Cohort effects
Research participant chosen due to time of brith, or generation, not age
30
Natural selection
Evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that a best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
31
Adaptive behavior
Promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat
Organism possesses characteristics needed for survival
32
Evolutionary psychology
Emphasizes the importance of adaptation and reproduction to ensure survival
33
Prenatal diagnostic tests
Ultrasound sonography
Brain imaging
Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis
Maternal blood screening
Fetal sex determination
34
Infertility
Inability to conceive a child after 12 months
35
Collaborative Gene
Each gene has its own location or designated place on a chromosome
Activity of genes is affected by their environment
36
All cells in the body except sperm and egg have...
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
37
Mitosis
Cell's nucleus duplicates itself into 2 new cells
38
Meiosis
Cell division forming eggs and sperm or gametes
39
Monozygotic Twins (identical)
Single zygote splits in 2
40
Dizygotic twin (fraternal)
2 eggs fertilized by different sperm
41
Susceptibility gene
Makes individual more vulnerable to disease or accelerated aging
42
Longevity genes
Makes individual less vulnerable to certain diseases, more likely to live longer
43
Genotype
Person's genetic material
44
Phenotype
Physical characteristics
Expression influenced by environmental factors
45
Sex linked genes
Mutated Gene is carried on the x chromosome
46
Chromosomal abnormalities
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome
47
Down syndrome
Intellectual disability caused by extra copy of chromosome 21
48
Klinefelter syndrone
An extra X chromosome in males
Causes underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, and becoming tall
49
Fragile X syndrome
Abnormality in the X chromosome
Causes intellectual disability, learning disability, or short attention span
50
Turner syndrome
Missing X chromosome in females
Causes intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment
51
XYY syndrome
Male has extra Y chromosome
Causes above average height
52
Gene linked abnormalities
Cystic fibrosis
Diabetes
Hemophilia
Huntington's disease
Phenylketonuria
Sickle cell anemia
Spina bifida
Tay-sachs disease
53
Cystic fibrosis
Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production, breathing, and digestion
54
Diabetes
Body doesn't produce enough insulin
55
Hemophilia
Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
56
Huntington's disease
CNS deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
57
Phenylketonuria
Metabolic disorder that causes intellectual disability and hyperactivity
58
Sickle-cell anemia
Blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply
Causes joint swelling, heart and kidney failure
59
Spina bifida
Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities
60
Tay- sachs disease
Accumulation of lipids in the nervous system causing deceleration of mental and physical development
61
Germinal period
First 2 weeks after conception
Creation of zygote → cell division
Zygote attaches to uterine wall and becomes blastocyst (inner layer that develops into embryo)
Trophoblast : outer layer that provides nutrition and support for embryo
62
Embryonic period
Cell is now embryo
Cell differentiation intensifies
3 layers form: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Organs form
Annion: contains clear fluid where embryo floats
63
Endoderm
Turns into lung cells, thyroid cells, digestive cells
64
Mesoderm
Turns into cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, cells of kidney, red blood cells, smooth muscle cells in gut
65
Ectoderm
Turns into skinless of epidermis, neuron on brain, pigment cells
66
Fetal period
7 months long
Umbilical cord, placenta, organogenesis
67
Neural tube
Early formation of the nervous system
68
Neurogenesis
Generation of new neurons
69
Neuronal migration
Cells moving outward from point of origin to appropriate locations
70
Neural connectivity
Neurons connect, continues postnatally
71
First trimester
Conception - 4 weeks
Zygote
Beginning development of spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, heart, and lungs
Amniotic sac envelops entire body
72
First trimester
8 Weeks
Face is forcing with rudimentary eyes, ears, mouth, and tooth buds
Arms and legs are moving
Brain is forming
Heartbeat detectable
Embryo
73
First trimester
12 weeks
Move arms, legs, fingers, toes
Fingerprints are present
Can smile, frown, suck, swallow
Sex is detectable
Fetus
74
Second trimester
16 weeks
6 Inches long, 4-7 ounces
Strong heartbeat
Skin is thin and transparent, covered in downy hair
Nails form
Coordinated movements
75
Second trimester
20 weeks
Heartbeat audible with stethoscope
Sucks thumb
Hiccups
Hair, eyelashes, eyebrows form
76
Second trimester
24 weeks
Skin is wrinkled and covered with protective coating
Eyes are open
Has strong grip
77
Third trimester
28 weeks
Very active
Adds body fat
Breathing movements are present
78
Third trimester
32 weeks
Periods of sleep and wakefulness
Responds to sounds
Assumes birth position
Bones of head are soft and flexible
79
Third trimester
36-38 weeks
Skin is less wrinkled
Fetus is less active
80
Teratogen
Harmful agent that can cause birth defects
81
1st stage of birth
Uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes apart, last up to 1 minute
82
2nd stage of birth
Baby's head moves through cervix ad birth canal
83
3rd stage of birth
Afterbirth: when placenta and umbilical cord are expelled
84
Apgar scale
1-5 min after birth
Evalnets heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability
85
Kangaroo care
Skin-to-skin contact
86
Cephalocaudal development
Growth starting from head to bottom
87
Proximodistal development
Growth begins in center then moves outward
88
Growth
Episodic (occurs in spurts)
Born: 18-20in long, 5-10 lbs
Double their birth weight by 4 months
1 yr: 30in
2 yr: 35in, 32lbs
89
Brain development
Doesn't mature uniformly
Brain stem develops first
90
Frontal lobe
Voluntary movement, planning, personality
91
Temporal lobe
Hearing, language processing, memory
92
Parietal lobe
Spatial awareness, motor control, attention
93
Occipital lobe
Vision
94
Lateralization
Hemispheres use different types of thinking
Left hemisphere: speech and grammar, logic
Right: creativity, humor
95
Synaptic pruning
Extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated
96
Synaptic blooming
Period of rapid neural growth
97
Sleep benefits
Restorative function
Increased cell production
Clears out waste
Critical for neuroplasticity
Increases synapses between neurons
Improves memory consolidation
98
Leading cause of infant death
Sudden infant death syndrome
Infant stops breathing at night
99
Infants should consume...
50 cal/day per lb
100
Dynamic systems theory
Esther Thelen
Motor skills develop from interaction with environment which motivates them to develop
Infants actively put together a skill to achieve a goal
101
Rooting reflex
Side of mouth stroked → baby turns head toward the side stroked
102
Sucking reflex
Infants suck anything placed into their mouth
103
Moro/ startle reflex
Loud noise or sudden movement → arches back, throws head back, flings out arms and legs then quickly back toward body
104
Grasp reflex
Touching palm → tight grasp
Plantar grasp with toes
105
Baby sits with support
2 months
106
Baby sits independently
6-7 months
107
Baby furniture cruises
8-9 months
108
Baby stands alone
10-12 months
109
Fine motor skills
Finely tuned movements
110
Palmar grasp
Rakes object into their palm
111
Radial palmer grasp
Object held between thumb and other fingers but still touching palm
112
Radial digital grasp
Space between object and palm
Object held with thumb and fingers
113
Immature pincer
Object held with thumb against side of pointer finger
114
Mature pincer
Held between thumb and pointer finger.
Crab
115
Babinski reflex
Bottom of foot is stroked → toes fan and spread out
116
Crawling reflex
Infant on stomach, pressure applied to sole of foot → infant will make crawling motion
117
Step reflex
Infant will move the legs as if they are taking steps or walking
118
Tonic neck reflex
Fencing position the legend arm
When infants head is turned right, the leg and arm on right side wil extend opposite side will flex
119
Sensation
Occurs when sensory info interacts with sensory receptors in the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, skin
120
Perception
The interpretation of what is sensed
121
Gibson's ecological view
Perception connects us to the environment so we can interact and adapt to it
122
Most important visual stimuli
Faces
123
Size constancy
Recognizing that the object is still the same even if it is moved
124
Shape constancy
Recognizing than an object is the same ever if its orientation changes
125
Depth perception
Ability to determine distance between objects
126
Intermodal perception
Integrating information from two or more senses
127
Piaget pre-operational stage
Child begins to represent the world symbolically
Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings
2 substages: symbolic function, intuitive thought
128
Symbolic function
Ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
Pretend-play
Limitations: egocentrism, animism
129
Egocentrism
Inability to distinguish one's own perspective fron someone else's
130
Animism
Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
131
Intuitive thought
Always asking why
Can't answer what if questions
Limitations: centration, conservation
132
Centration
Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of al others
133
Conservation
Altering a substances appearance doesn't change its properties
134
Sensorimotor stage 0-2m
The child begins to interact with the environment
135
Concrete operational 7-12m
Child learns rules such a conservation
136
Formal operational 12<
Can think about the future
137
Zone of proximal development (vygotsky)
Range of tasks with just right challenge
138
Scaffolding
Changing level of support from max to none
139
Vygotsky language and thought
Internal thoughts
Language and thought develop independently then merge
Self talk becomes internalized
Inner speech becomes their thoughts
140
Executive attention
Action planning, monitoring progress on tasks, dealing with difficult circumstances, allocating attention to goals, error detection
141
Sustained attention
Extended engagement city object, task, event
Vigilance
142
Salient versus relevant dimensions
Pay attention to Small details that stand out
143
Planfulness of attention
Randomly picking right ensues w/o plan
144
Memory
Retention of information
5 digit memory 7 yrs old
145
Executive function
Manage thoughts to engage in goal directed behavior and self- control
146
Theory of mind
Awareness of one's own mental process and the process of others
147
Syntax
How words should be ordered
148
Pragmatics
Appropriate use of language in different contexts
149
Montessori approach
Child is given freedom in choosing activities and develops cognitive skills
150
Perceptual development 3-4yrs
Detection of boundaries between colors
151
Perceptual development 4-5yrs
Can focus eyes and sustain attention on close- up objects
