lecture 11

Question 1

what is the definition of culture?

Answer 1

the way of life

Question 2

what are 3 elements in culture?

Answer 2

1. the value people hold
2. the norms people follow
3. the material objects people use

Question 3

what is the meaning of interrelated?

Answer 3

material objects and urban landscapes give information about values and norms, and they have meaning through the way people put them to use

Question 4

what is the key word in cultural studies?

Answer 4

representation

Question 5

how to study urban culture?

Answer 5

1. iconography
2. discourse analysis

Question 6

what is iconography?

Answer 6

the study of meanings behind urban landscape, buildings, sculptures, photographs, film etc

Question 7

what is the discourse analysis?

Answer 7

texts, writing or spoken language

Question 8

what is the concept of discourse?

Answer 8

a set of shared understandings

Question 9

what are the two key themes?

Answer 9

1. diversity and difference (subcultures or deviant subcultures)
2. identity (the way people view themselves)

Question 10

what are 2 characteristics of the key theme diversity and difference?

Answer 10

• focus on urban subcultures that are radically different
• shared values (discourse) and ways of representation of such cultures

Question 11

what are 2 characteristics of the key theme identity?

Answer 11

• identity formation
• subjectivity is central (how people define themselves and how do others define them)

Question 12

what is identity formation?

Answer 12

the way that identities are shaped by many factors

Question 13

what theory is an important approach of the identity studies?

Answer 13

postcolonial theory

Question 14

why is the postcolonial theory an important approach of identity studies?

Answer 14

• response to western representations of non western cities and societies
• response to ethnocentrism

Question 15

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 15

the notion that western thought is superior

Question 16

what did edward said say in orentalism?

Answer 16

• the notion of the orient is a western inventation
• false ideas about the west rational and civilized and the orient as primitive
• the view of colonizer and not of the colonized

Question 17

what is the post colonial theory?

Answer 17

• undermine the idea that one culture is superior
• all cultures are mixtures
• no pure, basic, underlying culture

Question 18

what is the meaning of hybridity?

Answer 18

all cultures are mixtures

Question 19

what is the meaning of authenticity?

Answer 19

no pure, basic, underlying culture

Question 20

what do cultural studies and postcolonial theory emphatize?

Answer 20

that cultures are social constructed

Question 21

what did benedict anderson say in imagined communities?

Answer 21

• national identities are socially constructed
• identification with the state involves the use of imagination
• imaginations are produced by media

Question 22

what is the result of power and authority?

Answer 22

the social construction of culture

Question 23

what did foucault say about the carceral city?

Answer 23

• the social construction of culture is the result of power and authority
• power is a process, that exists through the recognition of the others
• discourses are a crucial component in the exercise of power

Question 24

what does carceral mean?

Answer 24

relating to or the nature of a prison

Question 25

what is the carceral city?

Answer 25

a coextensive web of disciplinary technologies through which citizens are shaped and surveilled. - cities are disciplinairy societies - city dwellers are confined by controlling mechanisms

Question 26

why are some peeple excluded from public spaces?

Answer 26

code of behavior or culture

Question 27

what is the result of space of exclusion?

Answer 27

spaces reinforce culture and power relations

Question 28

what is postmodernism?

Answer 28

recent cultural shift in cities and urban studies, study of culture to understand language and discourse in urban settings - opposed to structuralist approach - not one underlying mechanism/structure, but numerous shifting variables - urban divisions and inequality reflected in forms of representation, such as language, clothing, music etc.

Question 29

what are the central features of postmodernism?

Answer 29

- there is no one true experience - all experiences are mediated through cultural values - those values are embodied in language or other forms of representation representation involves shared meanings

Question 30

what is discourse?

Answer 30

representations involve shared meaning

Question 31

why has postmodernism heavily disputed?

Answer 31

1. it lacks coherence; there is no clear definition or underlying theory 2. it is meaningless, because it does not offer analytical or empirical knowledge 3. postmodernists are not looking for objective findings or the truth

Question 32

what is the meaning of corporeality?

Answer 32

the state of being or having a body

Question 33

what is cultural turn?

Answer 33

a movement in the 1970s to make culture the focus of contemporary debates, interest in the role of peoples bodies: - the body is used as a metaphor to describe the city - bodily appearance and dress important signals about culture and social values

Question 34

what are recent popular movements?

Answer 34

- migrants and refugees right to the city - womens right to the city - gender and sexual diversity

Question 35

what does Lefebre say about right to the city?

Answer 35

spatial relations are produced and contested within cities. a call to action by social movements to demand access to urban life

Question 36

what does david harvey say about right to the city?

Answer 36

- the right to individual freedom and acces to urban sources - tje right to change the city

Question 37

how do cities create and reflect gender roles?

Answer 37

- socially constructed differences between men and womes - reflection of a system of patriarchy - urban spaces reflects such patriarchal patterns

Question 38

what does urban freedom, diversity and tolerance in?

Answer 38

subcultures in cities

Question 39

why is prostitution associated with urban life?

Answer 39

- cities provide more sexual freedom - large numbers of prostitution in cities - urban context important: maritime cities