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Parasitology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q
A

Paramphistomosis

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2
Q

Where do Paramphistomosis locate

A

Immature - duodenum/abomasum

Mature - rumen and reticulum

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3
Q
  • Wha the intermediate host of Paramphistomosis
A

Snails from Planorbidae

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4
Q

What is the distribution of Paramphistomosis

A

Depends on the presence of the planorbid snail

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5
Q

How are animals infected with Paramphistomosis

A

Ingestions of grass with metacercaria

  • During rainy season
  • During dry ceason - snails take refuge in marshy areas
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6
Q

Who is susceptible ot Paramphistomosis

A

Weaner cattle and lambs

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the immature stages of Paramphistomosis

A
  • Locate in the wall of the duodenum and the abomasum
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8
Q

What do the immature stages feed on Paramphistomosis

A

Mainly tissue but also blood

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9
Q

What damage do the immature stages of Paramphistomosis cause

A
  • Mechanic action/trauma by posterior sucker and movement
    • Erosion of the intestinal villi
  • Antigenic activity -> acute inflammatory reaction
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10
Q

What do the immature stages of Paramphistomosis cause

A
  • Congestion and oedematous enteritis
  • Erosions and petechiae surrounded by necrotic zone
  • Atrophy of the villi
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11
Q
A

Paramphistomosis

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Where do the mature stages loacte of Paramphistomosis

A
  • In the rumen and reticulum
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14
Q
A

Paramphistomosis

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15
Q

What are the clinucal sings with Paramphistomosis

A
  • Heavy infection with immature parasites -> have clinical signs
  • Usually cilincal signs are seen on young animals
  • With immature parasites clinical signs can develop in 2-4 weeks
  • Anorexia, polydipsia, weight loss, fluid, foul smelling diarrhoea
  • Dehydration, weakness, anaemia, submundibular, oedema, death
  • Moderate infections will havr reduced weight gains or milk production or ill thrift
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16
Q

How to diagnose Paramphistomosis

A
  • History
  • CS
  • Coproscopy: infection with immature parasites
    • Microscopic exam: NEGATIVE ( due to them being immature forms so they dont lay eggs)
    • Macroscopic exam: immature stages gan be fround in poo
    • Microscopic ecam: positive - sedimentation method
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17
Q

What do the eggs of Paramphistomosis look like

A

Ovoid with unequal poles, pale or geenish, smooth and thin shelled with an operculule at one end

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18
Q
A

Paramphistomosis

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19
Q

Treatment for Paramphistomosis

A
  1. Oxyclozanide
  2. Niclosamide
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20
Q
A

Moniezia expansa

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Explain the morphology of Moniezia spp

A
  • 4 suckers, no rostellum
  • 3-5m long and ip to 2cm wide
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23
Q
24
Q
25
What is the lifecycle of Moniezia
* Untermediate host: forage mites, commonly family Oribatidae * Defnitive host get infected by ingesting infected mites during grazing - PPT 4-6 weeks
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Where is infection common with Moniezia
Young animals - the cyctocercoid larvae can survive as long as mites remain alive
28
What are the CS in lambs with Moniezia
Lambs with heavy infection: diarrhoea, constipation, anaemia, wieight loss
29
How to diagnose Moniezia
* Finding proglottids/eggs in the faeces
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How to treat Moniezia
* Praziquantal * Benzimidaziles
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Bovine Coccidiosis
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How many species of Eimeria
13
33
How do you get infected with Eimeria
* Ingestion of sporulates oocysts
34
Explain the lifecycle of Eimeria
* Infection by ingestion of sporulated oocysts * Asexual - immature schizont -\> matture schizont with merozoites * Secual development * Sporogony/sporulation: in the environment needs moisture, proper remp and oxygen -\> sporocysts and sporozites develop inside the oocysts -\> oocysts become infective
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What are resistant with Eimeria
Oocysts
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Eimeria
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What does Eimeria usually affect
3 week to 6 month old
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What are the predisposing factors for Eimeria
* Crowded animals * Poor nutrition and husbandry, stress, inter-current diseases - Clinical disease
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What is the source of infection for Eimeria
* 2-3 monts infected calves: highesdt excretion rates * Adults with light infections migh be important source of infection with oocysts for young animals
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What is the pathogenesis of Eimeria
* Species of the parasites * Infective dose * Stress, age * Pathogenesis assoicated woth gamonts and oocysts in the lower ilium, caecum and colon
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What is th epathology of Eimeria
* Congested intestinal mucosa, catarrhal enteritis * Petechial hemorrhange -\> diffuse hemorrhage
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What are the clinical signs with Eimeria
* Diarrhoea, sometimes with blood, anaemia, weight loss, anorexia, dehydration, weakness * Tenesmus, rectal prolapse * Mild: yellow diarrhoea with blood * Nervous coccidiosis
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How to diagnose Eimeria
* CS, history, age of animals * Detection of large number of oocysts in faeces * At early stages oocysts may not be present
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How to prevent Eimeria
* Minimise the exposure of younf animals to sporulated oocysts: slatted floors, water tanks with overflow prevention control, elevates feed bunkers, dry bedding/environment * Avoid stress, overcrowding, maintain hygene * Penned animals should be of similar age * Administer a prophylactic drug
45
How to treat Eimeria
* Toltrazuril * Diclazuril * Lasalocid
46
Where are clinical infections of Eimeria more common
Intensive husbandry -\> husbandry deficiencies and stress -\> infection with large numbers of oocysts -\> clinical disease
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Eimeria - Unsporrulated oocysts are found in fresh faeces
48
What are the CS signs of Eimeria in sheep
* Profuse watery diarrhoea, sometimes containing blood or sheds of mucous membrane, tenesmus
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Cryptosporidium spp location
* Brush border of epithelial cells * Intracellular but extra-cytoplasmic
51
Cryptosporidium parvum location
* Ileum and proximal proximal portions of the large intestine * Parasites of neonatal ruminants * ZOONOTIC
52
How do you get infected with Cryptosporidium parvum
* Ingestion of oocysts
53
What does Cryptosporidium parvum cause
* Villous atrophy * Villous fusion * Crytp hyperplasia * Disruption of the intestinal microvilli * Infiltration of inflammatory cells * These changes result in malabsorption and secretory diarrhoea
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How to diganose Cryptosporidium parvum
* CS * History * Detecton of oocysts in the faeces * Staining techniques
55
Cryptosporidium spp
56
How to treat Cryptosporidium spp
* Halofuginone
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Parasitology (9 decks)

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