Lecture 11: GMO 1

Question 1

plato

Answer 1

the true creator is necessity, which is the mother of invention

Question 2

revolution of applied genetics

Answer 2

biological revolution of molecular genetics
-necessary flow of capital/money in 80s and 90s
-restructuring of seed and agrochemical industry
ideological context was suitable for both government and industry

Question 3

Rechinger

Answer 3

1890’s
take piece of stem and roots will come from the bottom
-smallest cuts formed wound tissue which regenerated entire plants

Question 4

Gottleib Haberlandt

Answer 4

1900’s
worked out how to extract single cells
no regeneration

Question 5

single cell plant culture

Answer 5

stewart (US) and Reinhardt (germany) simultaneously and independently invented protoplast regeneration

Question 6

why is tissue culture important

Answer 6

free of microbial contaminants
-easy to clone
platform technology - required for biotechnology applications

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

universal code for genes
-passed through generations
genes code for proteins that makes life possible

Question 8

gregor mendel

Answer 8

studied inheritance of traits in peas

-crossing 1/2 of one genome and 1/2 of another

Question 9

bacterial geneticists

Answer 9

discovered how to move single genes
discovered how to manufacture single genes
much of later biotechnolgy was based on discoveries above
insulin 1981

Question 10

transformation

Answer 10

introduction of a gene into another organism

-origin of gene may be from an entirely unrelated organism

Question 11

why transformation works

Answer 11

dna code is universal but with limits
-recipient organism must have appropriate enzymes
can occur naturally
agrobacterium tumefasciens

Question 12

agrobacterium tumefasciens

Answer 12

gets into plant wounds
a plasmid (DNA loop) of bacterial genes becomes incorporated into the dna
genetic parasitism
plant responds by creating crown gall tumour

Question 13

matter of time for bacterial geneticists

Answer 13

discovered how to silence unwanted agrobacterium plasmid genes

• used A. tumefasciens to vector in genes of interst
• these discoveries allowed transformatoin of plants with artificially manufactured genes

Question 14

putting it together

Answer 14

agrobacterium used to transform tissue cultures to produce plants resistant to herbicide
-roundup

Question 15

arabidopsis thaliana

Answer 15

russian scientist found ideal plant to test on
-1940’s dutch scientist created linkage map - chromosome locations of genes
mouse ear cress

Question 16

advantages of arabidopsis

Answer 16

small, 10,000 plants fit in room
short breeding time, 13 weeks from seed plant to seed harvest
-small number of chromosomes (5)
-small genome
most genes are single copy
physiology/anatomy is well understood