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Neuroscience > Lecture 11 Limbic System > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the limbic system?

A

Homeostasis
Olfaction
Memory
Emotions and Drive

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2
Q

What is the primary limbic structure involved with homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

What are the major anatomical landmarks of the hypothalamus and where can they be found?

A
  • tuber cinereum - bulge of gray matter on ventral surface of hypothalamus behind the optic chiasm
  • mamillary bodies - under optic chiasm
  • infundibulum - stock that gives rise to pituitary stock
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4
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the hypothalamus?

A

2 H’s - Homeostasis and Hormons

  • regulation of homeostatic mechanisms
  • regulates release of hormones via pituitary gland
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5
Q

What are the major afferent inputs to the hypothalamus for homeostasis?

A
  • solitary nucleus
  • reticular formation and spinal cord
  • retinal pathways
  • limbic system
  • circumventricular organs
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6
Q

What information does the solitary nucleus bring to the hypothalamus?

A

visceral info from Vagus nerve on BP and gut distention

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7
Q

What information does the reticular formation and spinal cord bring to the hypothalamus?

A

general info re: skin temperature (thermoregulation)

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8
Q

What information does the retinal pathways bring to the hypothalamus?

A

input on day/night input - circadian rhythm

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9
Q

What information does the limbic system bring to the hypothalamus?

A

eating, reproduction

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10
Q

What information does the circumventricular organs bring to the hypothalamus?

A

changes in osmolarity and toxins

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11
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A
  • physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follows a 24-hour cycle of our day
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12
Q

How does our hypothalamus get involved with circadian rhythms during the day?

A

During the day, posterior hypothalamic nuclei contain glutamatergic, histaminergic and orexin neurons that contribute to arousal

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13
Q

How does our hypothalamus get involved with circadian rhythms at night?

A

Retinal ganglion cells convey photosensitivity info re: day/night directly to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

  • SCN projects to other hypothalamic nuclei and pineal gland to modulate body temp and produce sleep hormones
  • inhibitory projects from neurons in ventral lateral preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus inhibit ascending activity of reticular formation
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14
Q

Where is the “shut off” switch for wakefulness?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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15
Q

What are the major outputs of the hypothalamus to help regulate homeostatic control?

A
  • autonomic system (para and sympathetic systems to control HR, vasoconstriction, digesting, sweating, etc)
  • endocrine gland - pituitary gland
  • limbic system - when we need to attach memory or emotion to these changes in homeostasis
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16
Q

What is the major memory center?

A

hippocampal formation

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17
Q

What is the major emotional center?

A

amygdala

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18
Q

Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the master gland?

A

it controls itself and controls others through its own secretion of hormones

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19
Q

What does the anterior pituitary contain?

A

glandular cells that synthesize and release hormones into circulation

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20
Q

What does the posterior pituitary contain?

A

axons and terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus
- then hypothalamus releases hormones into circulation

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21
Q

What are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth Hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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22
Q

What does ACTCH do?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to create corticosteroid hormones that maintain BP, control electrolyte balance, promote glucose mobilization into bloodstream

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23
Q

What does GH do?

A

causes liver, kidneys, and other organs to produce somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors to promote increased growth of long bones and other tissues

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24
Q

What does Prolactin do?

A

stimulates mammillary glands on breasts to produce milk

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25
Q

What does TSH do?

A

stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 to promote cellular metabolism

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26
Q

What does LH do?

A

regulate ovarian hormones responsible for menstruation and oogenesis in females

27
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Regulate testicular hormones and spermatogenesis in males

28
Q

What are the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

29
Q

How does the hypothalamus modulate pituitary function?

A

hypothalamus controls the release of the hormones that the pituitary gland synthesizes

30
Q

Where can the primary olfactory cortex be found?

A

medial and rostral tip of temporal lobe

31
Q

What secondary areas of the brain does the primary olfactory cortex project to?

A
  • entorhinal cortex
  • orbitofrontal olfactory area
  • amygdala
32
Q

What is the entorhinal cortex’s role in olfaction?

A

smell and memory

33
Q

What is the orbitofrontal olfactory area’s role in olfaction?

A

smell discrination

34
Q

What is the amygdala’s role in olfaction?

A

smell + emotion and motivation

35
Q

What are the two major regions in which we find limbic structures that are involved with memory?

A
  • medial temporal lobe memory areas

- medial diencephalic memory areas

36
Q

What structures are in the medial temporal lobe memory areas?

A
  • hippocampal formation (primary memory structure)
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • perirhinal cortex
37
Q

What structures are in the medial diencephalic memory areas?

A
  • mediodorsal and anterior nuclei of thalamus

- mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

38
Q

What is the primary limbic structure associated with memory?

A

hippocampal formation

39
Q

What is the major role of the medial diencephalic memory areas?

A

crucial relay stations of efferent memory signals coming from our medial temporal lobes and then going up to other areas of the cortex and some cortical regions

40
Q

What are the major anatomical structures that make up the hippocampal formation?

A
  • dentate gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • subiculum
41
Q

What is the hippocampal formation most involved with when it comes to memory?

A

long-term memory

42
Q

Where is the Parahippocampal gyrus in relation to the hippocampal formation?

A

medial and slightly inferior

43
Q

What are the major anatomical structures that make up the Parahippocampal gyrus?

A
  • entorhinal cortex

- parahippocampal cortex

44
Q

What is the Parahippocampal gyrus most involved with when it comes to memory?

A

object identity and object configuration memory

45
Q

Where is the perirhinal cortex in relationship to the Parahippocampal gyrus?

A

lateral and slightly inferior

46
Q

What is the perirhinal cortex most involved with when it comes to memory?

A

recognition and ID of environmental stimuli

- visual or depth perception of our surrounding environment

47
Q

Where does the hippocampal formation receive input from?

A
  • most from heteromodal association cortex via entorhinal cortex
  • contralateral hippocampus via hippocampal commissure
  • basal forebrain and Septal nuclei send cholinergic (AcH) projections
48
Q

Where does the hippocampal formation project to?

A
  • heteromodal association cortex via entorhinal cortex

- subcortical structures (thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.) through fornix

49
Q

What is the fornix? Where can it be found?

A
  • connects hippocampal formation with variety of subcortical regions
  • found in medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres surrounding the thalamus
50
Q

What are the main targets of the fornix?

A
  • mamillary bodies of hypothalamus
  • Septal nuclei
  • anterior nucleus of thalamus
51
Q

The limbic system is not the only system involved in memory storage and consolidation. Where do limbic structures’ function fall in the continuum of memory?

A

minutes to years

52
Q

What is the function of the temporal poles?

A

left - semantic memory (meanings, names, general impersonal facts)

right - personal and episodic memories (closely associated with emotion and socially relevant memories)

53
Q

What is the major limbic structure associated with emotions and drive?

A

amygdala

54
Q

What are the major connections seen with the amygdala?

A
  • olfactory system and hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus and brainstem
  • mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
  • limbic cortex and hypothalamus
  • hippocampal formation
  • Septal nuclei, basal forebrain
  • medial orbitofrontal cortex
55
Q

What does the olfactory system and hypothalamus offer with regards to our emotions?

A
  • appetitive states

- emotional and motivational aspects of smell

56
Q

What does the hypothalamus and brainstem offer with regards to our emotions?

A
  • autonomic and breathing control
57
Q

What does the mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus offer with regards to our emotions?

A
  • fear reflex

- emotional learning

58
Q

What does the limbic cortex and hypothalamus offer with regards to our emotions?

A
  • neuroendocrinological modulation - modulates release of certain hormones in response to emotion
  • prominent pathway in motherhood
59
Q

What does the hippocampal formation offer with regards to our emotions?

A
  • emotional aspects of memory

- important with forming memories that are associated with fear-inducing events

60
Q

What does the Spetal nuclei and basal forebrain offer with regards to our emotions?

A
  • processing of rewarding events

- synthesize AcH

61
Q

What does the medial orbitofrontal cortex offer with regards to our emotions?

A

decision-making and emotion

- modulation of bodily changes associated with emotion in fight or flight - as we are making decisions

62
Q

What is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

Regulates autonomic and endocrine responses, pain perception, and selection and initiation of motor movements

63
Q

What is the function of the posterior cingulate cortex?

A
  • recall of autobiographical memories - more when they have an emotional quality to them

Neuroscience (16 decks)

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