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Neuroscience > Lecture 12: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of the autonomic nervous system? How does it operate?

A
  • Controls the function of structures with smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands
  • operates w/o conscious control but can be modulated by conscious drive
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2
Q

What are the major components of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • parasympathetic (rest and digest)
  • enteric (GI function)
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3
Q

What is the major brain structure receiving afferent information in the somatic nervous system?

A

thalamus

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4
Q

What is the major brain structure receiving afferent information in the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is the major source of descending pathways for the somatic nervous system?

A

cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What is the major source of descending pathways for the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

What are 3 major differences that ANS has?

A
  • cell body ganglion outside of spinal cord
  • gap junctions for rapid and continuous contractions
  • additional synapses to allow for multiple pathways
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8
Q

What are the differences between preganglionic and postganglionic ANS fibers in terms of their structure and organization within the ANS?

A

Preganglionic

  • lightly myelinated (faster conduction)
  • take info from spinal cord to ganglion

Postganglionic

  • No myelin
  • take info from ganglion to visceral organ
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9
Q

Where are postganglion cell bodies positioned in sympathetic fibers?

A

close to spinal cord

- think sympathetic chain gang

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10
Q

Where do sympathetic fibers originate?

A
  • thoracolumbar division

- T1 - L3

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11
Q

Where are postganglion cell bodies positioned in parasympathetic fibers?

A

close to target effector

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12
Q

Where do Parasympathetic fibers originate?

A
  • Craniosacral division
  • brainstem - CN 3, 7, 9, 10
  • S2 - S4
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13
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters involved in the sympathetic nervous system? Where specifically are they found?

A

ACh - released at terminals of preganglionic fibers

Norepinephrine - released at terminals of postganglionic fibers

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14
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters involved in the parasympathetic nervous system? Where specifically are they found?

A

ACh - released at terminals of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

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15
Q

What type of receptors are used for the neurotransmitters in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

ionotropic - ligand binding

metabotropic - use g-protein

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the sympathetic “fight or flight” response?

A
  • increase activity during times of physical or emotional stress
  • allows our body to make maximum use of its resources, particularly metabolic resources
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17
Q

What are the 3 routes taken after exiting spinal cord via ventral rami for sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • travel to sympathetic trunk via white communicating rami and synapse immediately with postganglionic neurons at same level of spinal cord
  • travel to sympathetic trunk via white communicating rami and ascend/descend to synapse in cranial or caudal ganglia
  • continue through trunk w/o synapsing and later synapse with postganglionic neurons in prevertebral ganglia
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18
Q

Where do neurons that travel to same level of spinal cord or ascend/descend sympathetic trunk target in the body?

A

blood vessels and skin via gray communicating rami

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19
Q

Where do prevertebral ganglia target in the body?

A

visceral organs

  • heart
  • lungs
  • gut
  • kidneys
  • liver
  • bladder
  • reproductive organs
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20
Q

What is the purpose of the parasympathetic “rest and digest” response?

A

decrease activity during “rest and digest” periods to conserve energy use and build energy stores

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21
Q

Why don’t we see all of the sympathetic bodily changes reversed by parasympathetic control? How do these additional sympathetic responses then subside?

A
  • not all structures have innervation of parasympathetic nerves
  • they are reduced by a reduction of sympathetic responses instead of direct parasympathetic innervation
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22
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons originate for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Brainstem

  • CN 3 - edinger-westphal nuclei
  • CN 7 - superior and inferior salivary nuclei
  • CN 9 - Nucleus Ambiguous
  • CN 10 - Dorsal Motor nucleus of vagus nerve

Sacral
- lateral horns of S2-S4

23
Q

What is the postganglionic target for Edinger-Westphal nuclei?

A

ciliary muscles for pupillary constriction

24
Q

What is the postganglionic target for superior and inferior salivary nuclei?

A

salivary and lacrimal glands

25
Q

What is the postganglionic target for nucleus ambiguous?

A

cardiac muscles for slowing HR

26
Q

What is the postganglionic target for dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve?

A
  • thorax and abdomen for glandular secretion
  • cardiac muscle for slowing HR
  • lungs for bronchoconstriction
  • gut for increased motility and digestion
27
Q

What is the postganglionic target for lateral horns of S2-S4?

A
  • colon for vasodilation
  • rectum for vasodilation
  • bladder for muscle contraction
  • reproductive organs for penile and clitoral vasodilation
28
Q

Which structures do not have dual sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation?

A
  • sweat glands
  • erector pili muscles
  • most blood vessels
  • adrenal medulla
29
Q

Why are sympathetic responses longer lasting?

A
  • divergence of preganglion neurons
  • longer unmyelinated postganglionic neurons
  • slower inactivation of norepinephrine in the synapse
  • presence of norepinephrine and epinephrine from adrenal medulla in blood
30
Q

Under what circumstances is the parasympathetic nervous system activated during fear?

A

paradoxical fear - backed into a corner so you go numb

31
Q

What are the major areas that control autonomic function?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • brainstem nuclei
  • amygdala and other limbic structures
  • medial prefrontal cortex
  • insular cortex
32
Q

How is the autonomic system regulated?

A
  • baroreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • osmoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
33
Q

What are the two general functions of afferent input coming from the autonomic nervous system into central structures?

A
  • Feedback input via solitary nucleus for local autonomic reflexes (modulates visceral motor activity)
  • Inform higher integrative centers of more complex patterns of stimulation that may signal danger and/or may require more multi-system control
34
Q

During the SNS/PNS afferent pathway, what structures project to the SNS/PNS preganglionic neurons? What does this result in?

A
  • solitary nucleus (reflexive control)
  • hypothalamus (homeostasis)
  • medullary reticular formation (general modulatory control)
  • results in inhibition or excitation of SNS/PNS preganglionic neurons depending on what is needed
35
Q

How is the autonomic system involved in referred pain?

A
  • 2nd order neurons that receive visceral pain are part of anterolateral system which is in charge of cutaneous pain, some visceral pain gets perceived as cutaneous pain - Referred pain
36
Q

heart referred pain

A

Anterior
- left chest, neck, medial arm

Posterior
- C7/middle of back

37
Q

Lung and diaphragm referred pain

A

Anterior/Posterior

- left neck/trap region

38
Q

Esophagus referred pain

A

Anterior

- sternum and left chest

39
Q

Liver and gallbladder referred pain

A

Anterior
- right lateral neck and top of shoulder

Posterior

  • right upper back and shoulder
  • inferior angle of scapula
  • right kidney area
40
Q

Stomach referred pain

A

Anterior
- middle of torso

Posterior
- in-between scapula

41
Q

Pancreas referred pain

A

Anterior

- middle of torso

42
Q

Gallbladder referred pain

A

Anterior

- right lower quadrant of torso

43
Q

Kidney referred pain

A

Anterior

  • belly button and down to inner groin
  • lateral hips and side of upper leg

Posterior

  • lumbar region
  • lateral hips and side of upper leg
44
Q

Small Intestine referred pain

A

Anterior

- middle of torso just above belly button

45
Q

Appendix referred pain

A

Anterior

  • Right lower quadrant of torso just above start to legs
  • from ASIS diagonally towards genitals
46
Q

Ovary referred pain

A

Anterior

- just right and left of midline in lower belly region

47
Q

Colon referred pain

A

Anterior

- middle of body right about at ASIS line

48
Q

Urinary Bladder referred pain

A

Anterior
- right above genitals and genital area

Posterior

  • top of butt crack
  • below gluteal fold on inner part of hamstrings
49
Q

What structures are involved in the central autonomic network?

A
  • insula
  • medial prefrontal cortex
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system - hippocampal formation and amygdala
50
Q

What is the role of the insular cortex in the central autonomic network?

A

primary visceral sensory area

51
Q

What is the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the central autonomic network?

A

primary visceral motor area

- ex: blushing in response to embarrassing moments or vasoconstriction and pallor during fear

52
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the central autonomic network?

A
  • homeostasis
  • Controls blood flow, regulates energy metabolism, regulates reproductive activity, and coordinates responses to threatening conditions
53
Q

What is the role of the limbic system in the central autonomic network?

A
  • hippocampal formation and amygdala

- link memory and emotion to autonomic functions

54
Q

What is the function of the enteric system?

A

Exerts control of gastrointestinal system through neuronal system embedded in the lining of GI organs

  • peristalsis
  • segmentation (washing machine movement of stomach to churn food)
  • hormone secretion (gastrin, secretin)

Neuroscience (16 decks)

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