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Neuroscience > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the difference in directional orientation systems found within the central nervous system.

A 
Brain
- top: dorsal
- front - rostral
- back - caudal
- bottom - ventral
Spinal Cord
- top: rostral
- front: ventral
- back: dorsal
- bottom: caudal
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2
Q

What are the 3 planes used to orient images in the central nervous system?

A

sagittal, coronal/frontal, horizontal/transverse

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3
Q

What structures make up the prosencephalon (and how are they further divided into the telencephalon and diencephalon)?

A

telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei

diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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4
Q

What structures make up the mesencephalon?

A

cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, and midbrain tegmentum

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5
Q

What structures make up the rhombencephalon (and how are they further divided into the mesencephalon and myelencephalon)?

A

mesencephalon - pons and cerebellum

myelencephalon - medulla oblongata

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6
Q

Explain the difference between gray and white matter.

A

gray matter - neuron bodies, dendrites, axon terminals - majority of local synaptic communication

white matter - myelinated axons - majority of signal transmission

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7
Q

Define gyrus, sulcus and fissures with regards to central neuroanatomical structures.

A
  • gyrus - ridges
  • sulci - grooves
  • fissures - big sulci
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8
Q

What is the function of the cranial vault and what bones comprise it?

A
  • provide protection of brain and support facial structures
  • total of 22 bones
  • cranium (8) - frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 2 sphenoid, occipital
  • facial bones (14)
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9
Q

What is regarded as a fossa in the cranial vault? What are the major fossae found in the human skull?

A

fossa - cavity/compartment

  • anterior fossa - frontal lobe
  • middle fossa - temporal lobe
  • posterior fossa - cerebellum, brainstem
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10
Q

What function does a foramen hold in the skull?

A

openings in which cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and other structures pass

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11
Q

Identify the boundaries of the vertebral column. What runs through here?

A
  • boundaries - vertebral body and vertebral arch (pedicles, laminas)
  • spinal cord
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12
Q

Identify the boundaries of the intervertebral column. What runs through here?

A
  • boundaries - vertebral body, intervertebral disc, facet joint, inferior notch of pedicle, and superior vertebral notch of pedicle below
  • spinal nerve roots
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13
Q

What are the names of the meninges, and how are they oriented travelling superficially to deep?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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14
Q

What is the dura mater composed of? What is its role?

A
  • periosteal layer (fused w/ skull) and meningeal layer (fused w/ periosteal layer)
  • envelop and protect brain
  • limit rotational displacement of brain
  • Regulate generation and migration of neural progenitors
  • Regulates proliferation and survival of radial glial cells
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15
Q

Describe the structural layout of the arachnoid mater. What is its role?

A
  • web-like appearance with space in-between filled w/ CSF
  • envelop and protect brain
  • combats shearing of brain
  • aids in CSF circulation
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16
Q

What is the role of the pia mater?

A
  • Envelop and protect brain
  • Aids in production of CSF
  • Embeds superficial arteries and veins and serves as separation between neural tissue and blood vessels
    ↑ efficiency of blood brain barrier
  • Contributes to degradation of neurotransmitters
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17
Q

Define the spaces associated with the meninges. What is their function within the skull?

A
  • epidural space and subdural space - too small to see unless pathology
  • subarachnoid space - contains connective tissue trabeculae and intercommunicating channels w/ CSF; also houses superficial branches of cerebral arteries and veins
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18
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composed of?

A

clear, colorless alkaline fluid w/ H2O, glucose, proteins, electrolytes, etc.

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19
Q

Where is CSF secreted, and what structures? Where is it reabsorbed?

A
  • secreted by choroid plexus found in ventricles

- reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations

20
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • support and protect brain/spinal cord
  • maintain pressure
  • nutrition
  • waste removal
21
Q

What role does ventricles play in the CSF system? Where are they found?

A
  • produce and distribute CSF
  • lateral ventricle - cerebral hemisphere
  • 3rd ventricle - thalamus and hypothalamus
  • 4th ventricle - pons, medulla, and cerebellum
22
Q

What is the route that CSF takes as it travels through the nervous system?

A

lateral ventricles - intraventricular foramen - 3rd ventricle - cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius - 4th ventricle - medial and lateral foramen - subarachnoid space of spinal cord/brain - arachnoid granulations

23
Q

What is the role of the blood brain barrier?

A

barrier between bloodstream and extracellular space of brain

24
Q

What types of material does the blood brain barrier allow in? What does it block?

A
  • allows in: water, O2, small lipid-soluble substances
  • blocks: toxins, pathogens, other potentially dangerous substances
  • allows nicotine, alcohol, anesthesia across
25
Q

Where can the blood brain barrier be found?

A

brain’s blood vessels

26
Q

What are the 4 major sets of lobes found in the cerebrum?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
27
Q

Where are the frontal lobes located? What major regions make up this area?

A
  • rostral to central sulcus and medial to Sylvian fissure

- prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex and supplementary motor areas, frontal eye fields, Broca’s Area (motor speech)

28
Q

Where are the parietal lobes located? What major regions make up this area?

A
  • caudal to central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus, medial to Sylvian fissure
  • primary somatosensory cortex and supplementary somatosensory areas, perceptual integration, visual and auditory processing and integration, Wenicke’s Area (speech comprehension)
29
Q

Where are the temporal lobes located? What major regions make up this area?

A
  • lateral to Sylvian fissure

- primary auditory center and auditory association cortex, visual processing regions, memory

30
Q

Where are the occipital lobes located? What major regions make up this area?

A
  • caudal to parieto-occipital sulcus

- primary visual cortex and visual association cortex

31
Q

Where can the major primary cortices be found?

A
  • primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus
  • primary somatosensory cortex - postcentral gyrus
  • primary auditory cortex - transverse gyri of Heschl
  • primary visual cortex - along the banks of Calcarine fissure
32
Q

What does it mean to be somatotopically represented?

A

orients the specific body part and their respective location - think homunculus

33
Q

What is the homunculus? How is it organized with regards to body regions?

A
  • “little man” that shows orientation of location in brain that controls certain part of body
  • the larger the body part, the more neural control there is
34
Q

What is the role of association cortices? What types of association cortices can be found in the brain?

A
  • assist the primary cortices in complex movements
  • unimodal (unidirectional) - just assist with motor signals
  • heteromodal (bidirectional) - assist with motor and sensory
35
Q

What are the major characteristic differences between the left and right hemispheres?

A

left - analytical thought, logic, reasoning, language

right - perceptual integration, imagination, insight, intuition, creativity, emotional drive

36
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum and where can it be found?

A
  • connects right and left hemisphere (middle of brain)

- allows for bilateral integration

37
Q

What other major commissural tracts can be found in the brain?

A
  • anterior and posterior commissural tracts
38
Q

Where is the insular cortex located? What function does it hold?

A
  • beneath frontal and temporal lobes, folded deep within lateral sulcus
  • integration of sensory input for visceral and autonomic function, somatic pain processing, olfactogustatory function, emotional regulation
39
Q

Where is the limbic cortex located? What structures make up this area?

A
  • center of brain- directly connects with insular lobe
  • Parahippocampal gyrus, Medial orbitofrontal gyrus, Cingulate gyrus
  • Uncus
  • Fornix
  • Temporal poles
  • Hypothalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
40
Q

What is the function of the limbic cortex?

A
  • “primitive brain”

- homeostasis, smell, memory, and drive

41
Q

What is the function of the thalamus and where is it found?

A
  • relay station for sensory inputs, afferent info processing center, and refines motor outputs
  • found in diencephalon
42
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus and where is it found?

A
  • homeostasis hub, ventricular organ so no BBB

- diencephalon below thalamus, attaches to pituitary gland

43
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus and where is it found?

A
  • house pineal gland for melatonin production, habenular nuclei for emotional response to smell, and 3rd ventricle choroid plexus home for CSF production
  • caudal to thalamus
44
Q

What is the basic function of the basal ganglia? What structures are part of it?

A
  • complex network that influence descending motor drive - movement initiation, execution, and refinement
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Globus Pallidus
  • Substantia Nigra (midbrain)
  • Subthalamic Nucleus
45
Q

What is the basic function of the cerebellum?

A
  • movement coordination, posture and balance, motor learning and control, muscle tone
46
Q

What is the basic function of the brainstem?

A
  • essential for survival and effective cognitive and motor functioning

Neuroscience (16 decks)

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