Lecture 11 - Plant Development Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
2 systems of plants
A
- shoot system
- root system
2
Q
plant organs
A
- roots
- stems
- leaves
- flowers
- fruits
- seeds
3
Q
root system
A
- taproot
- lateral roots
4
Q
shoot system
A
- stem
- leaf
- vegetative branch
- terminal bud of branch
- axillary bud
- internode
- node
- terminal bud
- flower
5
Q
leaf
A
- petiole
- blade
6
Q
two plant groups
A
- monocots
- eudicots
7
Q
monocots no of cotyledon
A
1
8
Q
monocots veins
A
usually parallel
9
Q
monocots vascular bundles
A
usually complexly arranged
10
Q
monocots root system
A
fibrous
11
Q
monocots floral parts
A
usually multiples of three
12
Q
dicots number of cotyledons
A
two
13
Q
dicots veins
A
usually netlike
14
Q
dicots vascular bundles
A
usually arranged in ring
15
Q
dicots root system
A
taproot usually present
16
Q
dicots floral parts
A
usually multiples of four or five
17
Q
where is root phloem found in dicots
A
between arms of xylem
18
Q
reproduction of plants
A
asexual or sexual
19
Q
asexual reproduction
A
vegetative part
20
Q
sexual reproduction
A
seed
21
Q
- a single individual passess all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes
- produces genetically identical copies of a parent
A
asexual reproduction
22
Q
group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent
A
clone
23
Q
occasionally arise in asexually reproducing organisms as a result of changes in the DNA (mutations)
A
genetic differences
24
Q
- two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents
- introduces variation in the combinations of traits among offspring
A
sexual reproduction
25
variation can lead to differnces in what
- colors
- sizes
- tastes of fruit
26
animals help angiosperms to reproduce sexually with physically distant members of their own species
flowers of deceit
27
what do male long-horned bees mistake for females and attempt to mate with them
Ophyrs flowers
28
key features of the angiosperm life cycle
- flowers
- fertilization (double)
- fruits
3Fs
29
plant life cycles are characterized by the alternation between what
1. sporophyte (spore-producing)
2. gametophyte (gamete-producing)
generations
30
- produces haploid spores by meiosis
- is the plant that we see
sporophyte
31
divide mitotically to become haploid gametophytes
spores
32
produce gametes
gametophytes
33
divides mitotically to become diploid sporophyte
zygote
34
- reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte
- attach to a part of the stem called the receptacle
flower
35
where do flowers attach
receptacle
36
reproductive par of the flower
1. stamen
2. carpel
37
stamen
- anther
- filament
38
carpel
- stigma
- style
- ovary
39
non reproductive parts of the flower
1. petal
2. sepal
3. receptacle
40
two cells pollen grains contain give rise to what
1. sperm cells
2. pollen tube
41
sperm cells use to reach the ovule
pollen tube
42
flowers pollinated by insects
1. often yellow or blue
2. have scent
43
bird-pollinated flowers
1. often yellow, orange, or red
2. do not have a strong scent
44
bat-pollinated flowers
1. often have dusky white petals
2. are scented
45
wind-pollinated flowers
1. have smaller petals or lack sepals
2. don't produce scent or nectar
3. make copious amounts of pollen grains
46
the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
pollination
47
what happens after pollination
fertilization
48
fusion of male and female gametes
fertilization
49
after fertilization, what do flowering plants produce
seeds inside fruits
50
sporophyte generation
nutritionally independent
51
gametophyte generation
nutritionally dependent to sporophyte
52
males
microspores
53
females
megaspore
54
gametophyte of mosses and other nonvascular plants
dominant
55
sporophyte of mosses and other nonvascular plants
reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition
56
gametophyte of ferns and other seedless vascular plants
reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living)
57
sporophyte of ferns and other seedless vascular plants
dominant
58
gametophyte of seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophpyte tissue for nutrition
59
sporophyte of seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
dominant
60
what does the angiosperm life cycle include
1. gametophyte development
2. pollination
3. double fertilization
4. seed development
61
what do each microsporangium contain
microsporocyte that divide my meiosis
62
what is produced after meiosis in microsporocyte
microspores
63
microspores develop into what
pollen grain
64
cell of the gametophyte that will divide, forming two sperm
generative cell
65
what will the tube cell produce
pollen tube
66
female formation of gametophyte
1. megasporangium
2. megasporocyte
3. four megaspores
4. one female gametophyte
67
parts of the female gametophyte
1. antipodal cells
2. polar nuclei in central cell
3. synergids
4. egg
68
double fertilization:
first sperm
fertilize egg, forming zygote
69
double fertilization:
second sperm
fertilize polar nuceli in central cell, forming endosperm
70
develops within the ovule in a tissue called megasporangium
embryo sac
71
sourround a megasporangium
two integuments (seed coat)
72
not covered by integuments
micropyle
73
two cells produced in each microspore after mitosis
1. generative cell
2. tube cell
74
consists of two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall
pollen grain
75
triploid food-storing
endosperm
76
what does double fertilization ensure
endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized egg
77
ovule
seed
78
ovary
fruit
79
several stages of the development of seed into a flowering plant
1. endosperm development
2. embryo development
3. seed dormancy
4. seed germination
5. seedling development
6. flowering
80
in most monocots and many dicots, what does the endosperm do
store nutrients
81
in other dicots, what happens to the endosperm
food reserves of the endosperm are exported to the cotyledons
82
first leaves
cotyledons
83
first mitotic division of the zygote splits the fertilized egg into what
1. basal cell
2. terminal cell
84
produces a multicellular suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant
basal cell
85
gives rise to most of the embryo
terminal cell
86
encloses the embryo and its food supply
hard, protective seed coat
87
seed enters state of what
dormancy
88
% of water in a mature seed
5-15% water
89
nutritive tissue formed at some point in development of all flowering plant seeds
endosperm
90
seed leaf of a plant embryo that often contains food stored for germination
cotyledon
91
covers seed
seed coat
92
parts of a seed
1. seed coat
2. cotyledons
3. embryo
4. hilum
93
parts of the embryo
1. epicotyl
2. hypocotyl
3. radicle
4. cotyledon
94
below the cotyledons, the embryonic acis is called what
hypocotyl
95
where the hypocotyl terminates
radicle
96
above the cotyledon
epicotyl
97
comprises the epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem
plumule
98
what does the plumule comprise
1. epicotyl
2. young leaves
3. shoot apical meristem
99
seed with thin cotyledons
castor bean
100
special cotyledon grasses have
scutellum
101
enclose the embryo of a grass seed
two sheathes
102
covers the young shoot of monocots
coleoptile
103
covers the young root of monocots
coleorhiza
104
different types of seeds
1. exalbuminous
2. albuminous
105
embryo proper contains its own store of plant food
exalbuminous
106
plant food is stores outside of the embryo of the seed
albuminous
107
an adaptation for tough times
seed dormancy
108
environmental cues that breaks seed dormancy
temeprature or lighting changes
109
where does germination depends on
imbibition
110
uptake of water due to low water potential fo the dry seed
imbibition
111
emerges first during seed germination
radicle
112
what forms in the hypocotyl in many eudicots
hook
113
causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up
light
114
pushes up though the soil in aize and other grasses, creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow through
coleoptile
115
external environmental factors of seed germination
1. oxygen
2. water
3. temperature
4. light
116
internal factors of seed germination
1. maturity of the embryo
2. presence or absence of chemical inhibitors
117
ability to grow indefinitely
indeterminate growth
118
stop growing after reaching a certain size
determinate growth
119
- separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
- very common type of asexual reproduction
fragmentation
120
the asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell
apomixis
121
other term for asexual reproduction
vegetative reproduction
122
advantage of asexual reproduction
stable environment
123
disadvantage of asexual reproduction
vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change
124
advantage of sexual reproduction
generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible
125
disadvantage of sexual reproduction
only a fraction of seedlings survive
126
mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization
1. have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants
2. have stamens and carpels that mature at different times or arranged to prevent selfing
3. self-incompatibility
127
plant's ability to reject its own pollen
self-incompatibility
128
some plants reject pollen that has a __ matching an allele in the stigma cells
S-gene
129
can divide and asexually generate a close of the original organism
totipotent cells
130
vegetative reproduction that is facilitated or induced by humans
vegetative propagation
131
plant fragments
cuttings
132
mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells that forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots
callus
133
provides the root system
stock
134
grafted onto the stock
scion
135
also fascilitates the production of genetically modified plants
plant tissue culture
