Lecture 11 Readings

Question 1

leadership in the covid-pandemic

Answer 1

The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to explore the relationships among character, identification-based trust, and perceptions of leadership effectiveness in the context of crisis leadership

Question 2

what personality traits are associated with perceptions of presidential success?

Answer 2

• hardworking
• achievement-minded
• willing and able to speak up for one’s interests
• valuing the emotional side of life
• trusting traditional sources of moral authority
• being willing to bend the rules to get their way
• being somewhat narcissistic

Question 3

character vs. personality

Answer 3

• Character is anchored in behaviours and can be learned through deliberate practice, while personality traits are relatively stable and agnostic to virtue
• The development of virtues that comprise character is context-sensitive, unlike personality

Question 4

virtuous character

Answer 4

is concerned with the quality of judgment in decision-making and is not limited to the domain of ethical or moral decision-making

Question 5

character

Answer 5

an amalgam of virtues, personality traits, and values that help facilitate sustained excellence in individuals, teams, and organizations

Question 6

what traits does character encompass?

Answer 6

only traits that are virtuous

Question 7

virtues

Answer 7

situationally appropriate behaviours that are widely considered emblematic of good leadership in that they contribute to the well-being of societies

Question 8

Crossan et al.’s leader framework demonstrated through quantitative and qualitative studies that:

Answer 8

• The character dimensions of leadership are interconnected
• Judgement exists at the centre of the interconnected dimensions

Question 9

Crossman et al. 2017 on leadership

Answer 9

leadership is a function of competencies, character, and commitment to the role of leadership

Question 10

context and leadership

Answer 10

leadership is always context-dependent

Question 11

Barber’s typology of presidential character

Answer 11

identified two dimensions and classified presidents into one of four categories

Question 12

4 categories in barber’s typology

Answer 12

Active-positive
Active-negative
Passive-positive
Passive-negative

Question 13

Three problems with Barber, Crossan, and other frameworks of leadership:

Answer 13

• They are not always based on rigorous empirical research
• They employ a limited assortment of indicators of character that are not necessarily comparable across time or cases
• They do not capture the complex ontology (interdependence) of character

Question 14

trust and democracy

Answer 14

Trust is vital to success in a well-functioning democracy

Question 15

what is trust based on?

Answer 15

the character of the leader and their empathy with other people’s desires and intentions

Question 16

impact of trust on democracy

Answer 16

It strengthens the leader-follower relationship

Question 17

trust and leader effectiveness

Answer 17

Trust is associated with positive perceptions of leader effectiveness

Question 18

implicit leadership theory

Answer 18

employees create cognitive representations of the world, including the characteristics that people generally associate with effective leaders

Question 19

importance of character during the pandemic

Answer 19

• Character is seen as important for political leadership by individuals of voting age
• The importance of character in a leader increased since the initial stages of the pandemic

Question 20

identification-based trust of Trudeau throughout the pandemic

Answer 20

Identification-based trust and ratings of perceived leadership efficiency in Trudeau decreased

Question 21

regional and political differences in perceptions of Trudeau’s leadership effectiveness during the pandemic

Answer 21

• Liberals reported higher perceptions of leadership effectiveness for Trudeau than non-Liberals
• Regional rather than provincial affiliation accounts for differences in political culture across Canada

Question 22

importance of the dimensions of character in political leadership

Answer 22

• Respondents agreed that each of the 11 dimensions of character was an essential aspect of political leadership
• There was a varying gap between the perceived importance of the dimensions that comprise leader character and the belief that Trudeau lived up to these expectations

Question 23

identification-based trust and leadership effectiveness

Answer 23

• Identification-based trust helps to explain the relationship between perceptions of character and leadership effectiveness
• This is associated with voting behaviour
• This means that leaders are unlikely to gain traction in the absence of perceptions of character and trust

Question 24

what sectors are issues of character and trust salient for?

Answer 24

Issues of character, trust, and leadership effectiveness are salient across all sectors

Question 25

strengths of the Sejits et al. study

Answer 25

- Longitudinal design - The three samples were representative of the electorate - The surveys were anonymous - Included all 11 dimensions of the character framework developed by Crossan et al.

Question 26

limitations of the Sejits et al. study

Answer 26

- The sample size was relatively small (650 people per survey) - The data is self-reported - The cross-sectional nature of the data collection limits the statistical test that can be conducted and the interpretation of the findings - Cannot draw causal conclusions - Trust and effectiveness are context-dependent and may be susceptible to contrast effects - Did not control for extraneous variables

Question 27

health outcomes in Indigenous communties

Answer 27

Indigenous populations are at greater risk for severe health outcomes due to their social, economic, and cultural inequities

Question 28

COVID-19 outbreak in Indigenous communities in Saskatchewan

Answer 28

In the Spring of 2020, First Nations and Metis communities in northwestern Saskatchewan experienced the province’s first serious COVID-19 outbreak

Question 29

9 themes of challenges with managing the outbreak

Answer 29

- uncertainty - lack of infrastrutcure - lack of resources - public health restrictions - hidden homelessness and housing - pre-existing lack of trust - privacy issues - burnout and overwork - remoteness

Question 30

uncertainty

Answer 30

there was little understanding of the virus and how it could be contained

Question 31

lack of infrastructure

Answer 31

there were no necessary healthcare facilities, housing, healthcare personnel, and accommodations

Question 32

lack of resources

Answer 32

it was difficult to access PPE, staff resources, and technology

Question 33

public health restrictions

Answer 33

measures such as a curfew, travel restrictions, and highway checkpoints limited travel in and out of the community

Question 34

hidden homelessness and housing

Answer 34

crowded housing and hidden homelessness made it difficult to successfully isolate

Question 35

pre-existing lack of trust

Answer 35

misinformation on social media started to erode some community members’ trust in leadership

Question 36

privacy issues

Answer 36

some community members requested information for those who tested positive but this was denied by health authorities due to confidentiality reasons

Question 37

burnout and overwork

Answer 37

burnout by healthcare workers was exacerbated by chronic healthcare worker shortages in northern communities

Question 38

remoteness

Answer 38

remoteness was a barrier to accessing healthcare services

Question 39

4 categories of consequences of the outbreak

Answer 39

- food insecurity - stigma - differing world views - mental health and addiciton

Question 40

food insecurity

Answer 40

it was difficult to get food into the community amid highway blockages

Question 41

stigma

Answer 41

participants experienced stigma when travelling to cities for appointments

Question 42

differing world views

Answer 42

COVID-19 exposed cultural differences between Indigenous communities and Western health institutions. Even within communities, members disagreed on how the outbreak should be handled

Question 43

mental health and addiction

Answer 43

the outbreak exacerbated mental health challenges and addictions due to increased stress, living conditions, lack of resources, uncertainty, and forced isolation

Question 44

7 categories of successes of the outbreak

Answer 44

- community leadership - partnerships - the community-managed alcohol program - isolation and housing support - communiaction - kinship - connecting to the land

Question 45

community leadership

Answer 45

local leadership played a major role in the success of the COVID-19 response

Question 46

partnerships

Answer 46

supportive partnerships between community leaders, nearby Indigenous communities, governments and organizations, public safety, and the health authority were key to the containment effort

Question 47

the community-managed alcohol program (MAP)

Answer 47

provided community members in isolation who were dependent on alcohol a safe way to get the product, reducing the risks of withdrawal

Question 48

isolation and housing support

Answer 48

community leaders arranged for isolation trailers

Question 49

communication

Answer 49

frequent virtual meetings were held between community members and public health officials in the province

Question 50

kinship

Answer 50

pre-existing relationships with the community helped coordinate and communicate throughout the outbreak

Question 51

connecting to the land

Answer 51

several members and their families returned to traditional territory to seek refuge and avoid the risk of COVID-19

Question 52

Carr et al.'s recommendations for improving health outcomes in Indigenous communities

Answer 52

- Respecting Indigenous leadership and ways of knowing - Acknowledging and respecting the differences between Indigenous communities and Western institutions - Improving communication, coordination, and consistency in ongoing relationships between organizations and communities

Question 53

Carr et al's study limitation

Answer 53

the findings may not be broadly applied to other provincial or Indigenous communities given their unique context

Question 54

medical officers during the pandemic

Answer 54

- Canadians have shown a deep appreciation for medical officers during the unsteady times of the COVID pandemic - They are seen as trustworthy in a time of great anxiety

Question 55

gender of medical officers

Answer 55

7/14 of Canada’s medical officers are women

Question 56

importance of having female medical officers

Answer 56

There is hope that seeing so many high-profile women chief medical officers will influence a generation of girls and young women

Question 57

are women underrepresented in health?

Answer 57

Women remain underrepresented in the most prestigious leadership roles in health

Question 58

barriers to women in the healthcare sector

Answer 58

- Ingrained gender expectations - Implicit bias that men make better leaders - Harassment - A lack of mentors

Question 59

result of the barriers women face

Answer 59

a lack of confidence

Question 60

diversity in leadership and health outcomes

Answer 60

- Research shows that diversity in health leadership benefits population health - Gaps in healthcare leadership lead to half of the population being ignored

Question 61

example of gendered gaps in healthcare

Answer 61

it wasn’t until 1997 that Health Canada introduced guidelines on including women in pharmaceutical trials

Question 62

what often motivates women in leadership roles?

Answer 62

seeking equity