lecture 11 - sex and sexuality

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

biological and anatomical differences between males and females

Question 2

sexual orientation

Answer 2

preference for emotional-sexual relationships with opposite sex, same sex or both.
- only small part of sexual attraction (age, body type, ..)

Question 3

queer theory

Answer 3

questions heteronormativity

Question 4

heteronormativity

Answer 4

accepts heterosexuality as the normal and assumes a natural alignment with gender and sex

Question 5

butler on heteronormativity

Answer 5

argues that terms like heterosexual and homosexual are used to constrain people

Question 6

binary thinking

Answer 6

need to look at sex and sexual orientation as a continuum not just as an either/or category

Question 7

gender

Answer 7

social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about what constitues appropriate appearance and behaviour for males and females.
- emphasizes differences between males and females and downplays variations within each category (male/female)

Question 8

gender socialization

Answer 8

• gender is a social construction
• learn gender-appropriate norms through socialization process from influential sources around us (media, parents, teachers..)

Question 9

patriarchy

Answer 9

institutions, practices and ideologies that have created and legitimized women’s subordination to men

Question 10

Engel on patriarchy

Answer 10

gender inequalities became in agricultural societies when people started having monogamous marriages and making families. women had to reproduce and men worked. religion and state led to rise of patriarchy as well.

Question 11

patriarchy produced by not only men

Answer 11

• women can also play into patriarchy.
• women who are at a lower status might try to gain more power by becoming super moms, having boys,
• they can become more agressive because they want to fit into desired male stereotypes
• also not always beneficial to men, it can punish the weak

Question 12

structural functionalist on gender inequality

Answer 12

• men and women perform separate and complementary function that benefit society
• these roles are seen as biologically based and functionally necessary
• women for expressive roles and men for instrumental roles
• family is essential for: reproduction, socialization, emotional support of family member
• segregation contributes to stability of system

Question 13

conflict perspective on gender inequality

Answer 13

gender inequality comes from the male monopoly of power which is tied to the control of the economic and political resources in society
- engels: came w rise of private property in agriculture societies. unpaid labour at home but capitalist made cost of living cheaper for them so they could reproduce

Question 14

feminist perspective on gender inequality

Answer 14

they look at;
- social construction of sex and sexuality
- control of women bodies and reproduction
- objectification of women
- sexual double standards
- link between sex and power
- sexual abuse and opression

Question 15

perspective of liberal feminists

Answer 15

• believe that the social system is reformable
• focuses on changes in occupational sphere
• challenge the socialization process and the legislative process that allows discrimination
• questions ascribed status rather than achieved statu

Question 16

perspective of radical feminists

Answer 16

• consider biological differences, especially women’s reproductive roles as major cause of inequality
• family as the key agent of reproduction inequality
• emancipation would require the control of their reproduction, abolition of monagamous marriage and nuclear family

Question 17

socialist feminist views

Answer 17

• combination of marxist and feminist insights
• patriarchy is historiacally specific institution
• household and sexual division of labour is shaped by capilalist economy
• opression based on unpaid, privatized, domestic labour
• undervalues labour that is associated with care work, outside home (daycrae, nursing),
• undevaluing women is shown in wage gap

Question 18

interactionist view of gender inequality

Answer 18

• body parts are not sexual
• challenges biological determinism
• gagnon and simon argue that seeing certain body parts as sexual depends on social context
• ## societal rules, restriction and taboos construct sexual encounters through language and action

Question 19

consequences of inequality at home

Answer 19

• unpaid housework is seen as predominantly for females
• disadvantages in access to property
• have to remain outside of labour market for long (maternity…)
• abuse and lack of respect
• second shift: burden of working outside home but also childcare

Question 20

consequences of inequality at work

Answer 20

• wage of women us well below those of men
• women are more part time
• sexual harassement
• working women concentrate in dead-end, insecure low status occupations (pink coloured job ghettos)
• glass ceiling (blocks promotion of qualified women)
• matrix of domination: compounded effects of intersectionality based on race, class, race, sexuality….

Question 21

violence against women (and why they stay)

Answer 21

• more likely to face violence from someone they know rather than strangers
  dont leave because:
• children
• financially dependent on their partner
• feel guilt or shame

Question 22

zaha hadid

Answer 22

firt women to get a special architect prize