Lecture 12 & 13: Depression and Anxiety Flashcards
(46 cards)
What is depression?
A transient mood or a clinical disorder
What are 2 key signs of depression?
- Constantly feeling down or hopeless
- Having little interest of pleasure in doing things you used to enjoy
What are treatment options for depression?
- Medication
- Psychotherapy
- PA?
In NZ, what age group is suffering the most from depression, anxiety and mental distress?
18-24 year olds
What percent of the population suffer from moderate to severe depression?
20%
What are psychological constructs for measuring mental health? (2)
Subjective measures:
- Self-report scales (e.g. beck depression inventory)
- Clinical diagnosis using DSM IV criteria for severe
What are objective measures of PA?
Accelerometer, step counts, fitness change
What are subjective measures of PA?
Self-report questionnaires (IPAQ)
What is correlational research?
Shows association between 2 variables measured at the same time
How does the chicken and egg scenario relate to the depression & PA relationship?
Some research doesn’t allow us to understand the direction of the relationship and whether it starts from mental ill health or inactivity
Mental ill-health -> inactivity
OR
Inactivity -> Mental ill-health
What is a cohort study?
Participants exposure to ‘risk factor’ (PA) assessed at baseline, incidence of illness (depression) measured at a later date. Risk exposure and illness incidence examined
How is an odds ratio read?
Higher number = higher risk (more likely to experience depression
What did the study by Harvey et al. (2018) conclude?
1 hour of exercise/week of any intensity is protective against future incidence of depression
People who did 0 hours had a ?? times greater chance of developing depressive symptoms 10 years later
1.5 times
Was there a linear relationship between increasing exercise and decreasing depression incidence?
Odds reduced as amount of exercise increased until 1.5 hours, after this pretty stable (no preventative benefit)
What are the 4 components of PA?
Frequency - How regularly?
Time - Duration?
Intensity - How hard?
Type - What form?
What are acute effects?
occur relatively quickly after exposure e.g., does one exercise session decrease depression?
What are chronic effects?
occur only after frequent exposures over a long period of time e.g., how frequently do we have to exercise to decrease depression
Why do variables need to be tightly controlled?
For external validity - will this relationship still exist in the real world?
How do RCT’s work?
- Eligible participants randomly allocated
- Two groups - Control & Intervention
- Compare
What did the RCT by Dunn et al. (2005) find?
- Higher dose = greatest benefit (Guidelines better than Lower Dose)
- No difference between frequencies (doesn’t matter how many days it’s done over)
- Overall, just about the amount of exercise, at least 3 times a week (3-5 recommended)
What have RCT’s found the most effective timeframe for an intervention is?
12 weeks or less
What have RCT’s found is the best exercise intensity for depression intervention
Moderate is recommended, studies also shown benefits of light/vigorous
What have RCT’s found is the best time per session?
Sessions over 60 minutes have similar outcomes to 30-60 min - more about total volume over the week
