Lecture 9: Behaviour Modification Flashcards
What are the principles of feedback and reinforcement?
Feedback, Reinforcement, & Punishment are behaviour modification approaches used to direct behaviour, develop motivation, commitment, & desired skills.
What component of motivation is feedback and motivation related to?
The direction component of motivation
What is behaviour determined/controlled by?
Assumed that it is by its concequences but it is actually by perception
Where do concequences/feedback come from?
In the enviornment
How do we avoid concequences?
Adjust our behaviour
What is feedback?
Information about a behaviour or the consequences of a behaviour
Why is feedback (e.g., reinforcement, punishment) important?
- It is necessary if learning is to occur.
- It influences the performances of well-learned skills (by acting as an incentive).
- It affects psychological variables such as motivation, self-confidence, stress, and state anxiety. (Is the work paying off?)
What are the two ways feedback influences behaviour?
- Informational function
- Motivational function
What is informational feedback?
feedback ‘informs’ person what should and should not be done e.g. was shot too long, too short, too much knee bend
What is motivational feedback?
feedback increases effort & intensity thru incentives & ‘rewards’ for goal accomplishment (want the same reward or praise in the future)
What is reinforcement?
Any reward, praise, or event that increases the frequency or strength of a behaviour (i.e.. it reinforces or ‘strengthens’ the behaviour); defined by its effect to INCREASE
What is reinforcement designed to do?
STRENGTHEN behaviours
What is positive reinforcement?
contingent (connected to) use of rewards/reinforcers to increase the frequency of a particular behaviour (e.g., increasing praise when a skill/drill is done correctly)
What is negative reinforcement?
contingent withdrawal of a negative stimulus to increase the frequency of a particular behaviour (e.g., withdrawing criticism when drill/skill is done correctly)
What is punishment?
Application of a negative stimulus (e.g. pain, criticism), or the removal of something positive (e.g. opportunity to play, praise), in order to decrease the frequency of a particular behaviour
What is punishment designed to do?
WEAKEN behaviour
How can punishments have unintended concequences?
Taking away the opportunity to play is only powerful if they WANT to play/participate
- Something could be seen as a reward and a punishment to two different people
If a behaviour is followed by a reinforcer…
it is more likely to occur again under similar conditions (situation-specific)
What are the 3 guidelines for proper use of reinforcement?
- Select appropriate behaviour
- Choosing an effective reinforcer
- Apply reinforcement immediately and contingently
What are appropriate behaviours to be reinforced?
Need to be specific, observable and measurable
How do you choose an effective reinforcer?
Select reinforcers that;
(a) are readily available.
(b) can be used immediately following the desired behaviour.
(c) can be used over and over again without losing their ‘meaning’ / effect (use a variety of reinforcers)
(d) do not require a great deal of time to ‘consume’.
Why is applying reinforcements immediately and contingently important?
It makes it crystal clear why they are being rewarded or punished so they can connect the dots and strengthen or modify their behaviour
