Lecture 12

Question 1

olfaction

Answer 1

• primary: pyrifom cortex & amygdala
• secondary: orbitofrontal cortex &thalamus
• 500 types of olfactory receptors

Question 2

guestation

Answer 2

• taste receptors are not limited to the tong
• two gustation pathways to the brain

1. thalamus > S1 and primary gustation cortex
2. hypothalamus & amygdala

Question 3

brain regions involved in motivated behaviour

Answer 3

• hypothalamus + pituitary gland
• limbic system
• frontal lobes

hypothalamic - pituitary gland system operates under limbic system/frontal lobes

Question 4

regulatory behaviour

Answer 4

• necessary for survival (eating drinking)
• regulated by internal stimuli > homeostatic mechanisms
• controlled by hypothalamus - acts on endocrine and autonomic NS

Question 5

non-regulatory behaviour

Answer 5

• not necessary for survival
• sinfluened by external stimuli - controlled by sensory systems
• controlled by prefrontal cortex, limbic system and sometimes hypothalamus

Question 6

hypothalamus regions

Answer 6

• lateral
• medial
• periventricular region
• all containing multiple nuclei

Question 7

posterior pituitary (neural tissue)

Answer 7

• gets hormones from thalamus, through axons of neurons
• releases hormones into bloodstream through capillaries

Question 8

anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)

Answer 8

• gets releasing hormones from hypothalamus from capillaries
• then synthesises its own hormones and releases them to the bloodstream

Question 9

hypothalamic hormone related activity is controlled by:

Answer 9

• feedback loops
• neural regulation
• experience based responses

Question 10

Eating - control of regulatory behaviour

Answer 10

the summed activity of various hypothalamic neurons constitutes a complex homeostat that controls eating

• lateral hypothal
• ventromedial hypothal

Question 11

eating - lateral hypothal

Answer 11

stimulation - feeling of hunger (on switch)

• lesions > aphagia (failure to eat)

Question 12

eating - ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 12

stimulation - feeling of saturation (off switch)

• lesions - hyperphagia (overeating)

Question 13

digestive system (enetric nervous system

Answer 13

• pancreas: secretes insulin
• liver: stores glycogen

Question 14

2 types of sex hormones

Answer 14

1. organising effects
2. activating effects

Question 15

organising effects

Answer 15

influence development of foetal brain (prenatal)

• e.g., influence of androgens on development of gender characteristics and masculinisation of the brain

Question 16

activating effects

Answer 16

influence activities in the adult brain (postnatal)

• females - estrogen
• males - testosterone

Question 17

effect of sex hormones on hypothalamus

Answer 17

• ventromedial area: copulation behaviour in female rates
• preoptic area: copulation behaviour in male rats
• not sexual motivation

Question 18

effects of sex hormones on the amygdala

Answer 18

sexual motivation in males probably also in fmeales

Question 19

effects of sex hormoens on the cortex

Answer 19

• role is not entirely clear - imagery: ventral visual system, planning: frontal lobe
• frontal lesions can lead to disinhibition of sexual behaviour, but also loss of libido.

Question 20

constructive theory (James-Lange

Answer 20

• the brain interprets autonomic reactions and concocts a story to explain bodily reactions
• see wolf > run > are afraid
• evidence from spinal cord patients (less pain, less emotional intensity)

Question 21

cannon-bard

Answer 21

i see, i fear, i run (proved to be false because of the speed of the processes)

Question 22

appraisal theory

Answer 22

emotions involved highly coordinated effects in behaviour, body and brain
these effects are considered either consequences of a central emotional state or part of the emotional experience itself

Question 23

three main components of emotion

Answer 23

1. subjective feeling
2. physiological response
3. cognition

Question 24

brain region(s) for subjective feelings

Answer 24

amygdala + prefrontal cortex

Question 25

brain region(s) for physiological response

Answer 25

hypothalamus

Question 26

brain region(s) for cognition

Answer 26

cerebral cortex

Question 27

limbic circuit consists of

Answer 27

- cingulate gyrus (evaluation of reward and punishment) - hippocampus (memory, spinal navigation) - amygdala (central role in emotions) - mammillary nucleus of hypothalamus (memory) - allocortex

Question 28

organisation of the limbic circuit

Answer 28

- hippocamp and amygdala and prefrontal C all connected with the hypothal - mammillary nucleus of the hypothal connects to the anterior thal connected to the cingulate cortex - cingulate C connects to the hippocamp formation

Question 29

what does the amygdala do

Answer 29

- recieves input - evaluates info from emotional and motivational meaning - projects to hypothal and brainstem - essential in tuning emotional behaviour and innate behaviours

Question 30

electrical stimulation of the amygdala

Answer 30

- autonomic responses - feelings of fear

Question 31

removal of both amygdalae (in animals)

Answer 31

tameness and loss of fear indiscriminate eating behaviour

Question 32

prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

'rational brake' on emotional behaviour. - gets input from all sensory areas and has connections to amyg and hypothal

Question 33

damage to the prefrontal C

Answer 33

- loss of emotions: flat affect - inability to recognise emotions in others - apathy and loss of initiative and motivation - inability to concentrate, plan and organise - easily distracted by sensory stimulation - radical changes in personality

Question 34

reward system - wanting

Answer 34

- mesolimbic dopamine system

Question 35

reward system - liking

Answer 35

- likely mediated by small localised set of nuclei controlled by opioid and endocannabinoid systems