Lecture 2

Question 1

Different orientation systems (7)

Answer 1

• Superior = above
• Anterior = in front of
• Posterior = behind
• Interior = below
• Rostral = towards the nose
• Caudal from rostral = towards the back of the head.
• Caudal from brain = down the spine

Question 2

Anatomic orientation

Answer 2

Illustrates the direction of a cut or section through the human brain from the perspective of the viewer.

• Frontal (coronal) view = vertically from ear to ear
• Horizontal (dorsal) view = flat across the brain
• Sagittal (medial) view = lengthways front to back

Question 3

Cerebrovascular accident (2)

Answer 3

Ischemic CVA (80%)

• Blockage of blood vessel by clot.

Hemorrhagic SVA (20%)

• Burst of vessel bleeding into the brain.

Question 4

Main structure visible from the outside of the brain

Answer 4

• cerebrum
• cerebellum
• brainstem

The higher a structure is located physically, the ‘higher’ its function.

• meaning it is more complex, more integrated.

Question 5

Gyrus, sulcus info/measurements

Answer 5

• Gyrus = curve, bend, HILLS
• Sulcus = groove, VALLEYS
• Fissure = deep sulcus
• Total surface area, ~0.25 m^2, ~40 x 62.5 cm
• Width is 2-4 mm

Question 6

Grey matter

Answer 6

Nerve cells (no insulating layer)

Question 7

White matter

Answer 7

nerve fibers (insulating layer, fatty myelin)

Question 8

Ventricle system - general term & function

Answer 8

4 interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• Presumed function = maintaining brain metabolism, excretion of metabolic waste, cushion the brain.

Question 9

1st & 2nd ventricles

Answer 9

Lateral ventricles

• One in each hemisphere

Question 10

Third ventricle

Answer 10

Diencephalon

• Between right and left thalamus

Question 11

Fourth ventricle

Answer 11

• Between the cerebellum and the pons

Question 12

Telencephalon (endbrain)

Answer 12

1. Neocortex
2. Basal ganglia
3. Limbic system olfactory bulb
4. Lateral ventricles

FOREBRAIN

Question 13

Diencephalon (between brain)

Answer 13

1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pituitary gland
4. Pineal body
5. third ventricle

BRAINSTEM

Question 14

Mesencephalon

Answer 14

1. Tectum
2. Tegmentum
3. Cerebral aqueduct

BRAINSTEM

Question 15

Metencephalon (across brain)

Answer 15

1. Cerebellum
2. Pons
3. Fourth ventricle

BRAINSTEM

Question 16

Myelencephalon (spinal brain)

Answer 16

1. Medulla oblongata
2. Fourth ventricle

BRAIN STEM

Question 17

Brain tissue consists of 2 types of nerve cells

Answer 17

1. Neurons, major brain functions
2. Glia, support cells (lit. glue)

Question 18

Cells are connection through what?

Answer 18

Nerve fibres called axons.

Question 19

A bundle of nerves within the CNS

Answer 19

Tract

Question 20

A bundle of nerves outside of the CNS

Answer 20

Nerve

Question 21

What is inside and outside of the spinal cord

Answer 21

• Inside = grey matter (nerve cells)
• Outside - white matter (nerve fibres (tracts))
• This is the opposite of brain tissue

Question 22

What are the 5 spinal cord segments

Answer 22

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal

Question 23

Each dermatome (body segment) has two spinal (peripheral nerves)

Answer 23

1. A sensory nerve (afferent)
2. A motor nerve (efferent)

Question 24

What does the sensory nerve (afferent) do?

Answer 24

Send information from the skin, joints and muscles to the spinal cord.

• Afferent: toward a structure (incoming)

Question 25

What does the motor nerve (efferent) do?

Answer 25

Control the muscle movements in that particular body segment. - Efferent: away from a structure (outgoing)

Question 26

Where are the spinal nerves located?

Answer 26

On the left and right side of the spinal cord (bilateral pairs).

Question 27

Dorsal/posterior root of the spine

Answer 27

- Sensory (afferent) - Pain, temperature, touch

Question 28

Ventral/anterior root of the spine

Answer 28

- Motor (efferent) - Muscle movement, reflexes

Question 29

12 pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 29

One set controls the left side, the other set controls the right side of the head.

Question 30

Olfactory function

Answer 30

Smell

Question 31

Optic function

Answer 31

Vision

Question 32

Oculomotor function

Answer 32

Eye movement

Question 33

Trochlear function

Answer 33

Eye movement

Question 34

Trigeminal function

Answer 34

Masticatory movements and facial sensation

Question 35

Abducens function

Answer 35

Eye movement

Question 36

Facial function

Answer 36

Facial movement and sensation

Question 37

Audiotry vestibular function

Answer 37

Hearing and balance

Question 38

Glossopharyngeal function

Answer 38

Tongue and pharynx movement and sensation

Question 39

Vagus function

Answer 39

Heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx

Question 40

Spinal accessory function

Answer 40

Neck muscles

Question 41

Hypoglossal function

Answer 41

Tongue muscles

Question 42

Bell's palsy info

Answer 42

Inflamation of the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve) - Swelling compression, partial loss of nerve function. - Symptoms: unilateral weakness or paralysis of facial muscles - Primary cause: viral infection - Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs and antiviral agents. - NB: symptoms are also common in stroke, tumour and trauma

Question 43

(ANS) sympathetic division stimulation

Answer 43

Activation, arousal (fight or flight)

Question 44

What is the (ANS) sympathetic division connected to?

Answer 44

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments. - Ganglia (minibrains) near spinal cord

Question 45

Preganglionic + postganglionic fibres in sympathetic division

Answer 45

- Found in the sympathetic division - Preganglionic fibres are short - Postganglionic fibres are long. - Acetylcholine = preganglionic - Norephinephrine = postganglionic

Question 46

(ANS) parasympathetic division inhibition

Answer 46

Relaxation, digestion (rest and digest)

Question 47

What is the (ANS) parasympathetic division connected to?

Answer 47

Sacral spinal cord segments, but mostly to three cranial nerves (vagus, facial & oculomotor) - Ganglia (minibrains) near target organs

Question 48

Preganglionic + post ganglionic fibres in parasympathetic division

Answer 48

- Preganglionic = long - Postganglionic = short - Acetylcholine (both pre & post)

Question 49

3 parts of the brainstem

Answer 49

1. Hindbrain: rhombencephalon (metencephalon+myelencephalon) --> mainly motor functions. 2. Midbrain: mesencephalon --> sensory functions. 3. Between brain: diencephalon --> integrative sensorimotor tasks

Question 50

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Answer 50

Metencephalon (across brain) - Pons + cerebellum Myelencephalon (spinal brain) - Medulla.

Question 51

Reticular formation

Answer 51

Net-shaped mixture of neurons (grey matter) and nerve fibres (white matter) - Arousal, sleep/awake - Pons - Medulla - Cerebellum

Question 52

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Answer 52

Substantia nigra

Question 53

Between brain (diencephalon)

Answer 53

- Thalamus: integrates sensory input and relays it to appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex - Hypothalamus (below the thalamus): controls hormone prodiction via pituitary gland & takes part in nearly all aspects of behaviour

Question 54

Forebrain (basal ganglia)

Answer 54

Control and coordinate voluntary movement act as "volume control" by controlling the force of movements. NB: substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus are also part of the basal ganglia.