lecture 12 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is tuberculosis caused by?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a gram-positive bacterium
Tuberculosis is primarily spread by airborne droplets expelled by coughing.
What are the symptoms of active tuberculosis?
- A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
- Weight loss
- Coughing up blood or mucus
- Weakness or fatigue
- Fever and chills
- Night sweats
Symptoms can appear immediately or years later, especially in those with weak immune systems.
How does latent tuberculosis differ from active tuberculosis?
- Latent: no symptoms, can’t spread, positive skin/blood test
- Active: symptoms present, can spread, attacks body tissue
Latent TB can become active if the immune system weakens.
What antibiotics are used to treat Legionnaire’s disease?
- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
Legionnaire’s disease is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophilia.
What is the primary concern with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB)?
Occurs when the tuberculosis bacterium develops resistance to primary antitubercular drugs
Secondary drugs are required to treat MDR TB.
List the primary antitubercular drugs used in tuberculosis treatment.
- Ethambutol (Myambutol)
- Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid)
- Pyrazinamide
- Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
- Rifapentine (Priftin)
- Streptomycin
Treatment usually lasts nine months to tackle non-active bacteria.
What is the role of surfactant in respiratory distress syndrome?
Reduces surface tension of the alveoli to prevent collapse during exhalation
Type II cells produce surfactant, which is crucial for lung function.
Name the surfactant drugs used for treating respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.
- Beractant (Survanta)
- Calfactant (Infasurf)
- Colfosceril (Exosurf)
- Poractant alfa (Curosurf)
These drugs are administered via an endotracheal tube.
What are the common drugs used to facilitate smoking cessation?
- Nicotine gum (Nicorette)
- Nasal spray (Nicotrol)
- Transdermal patch (Nicoderm CQ)
- Varenicline (Chantix)
- Clonidine (Catapres TTS-1)
- Bupropion (Zyban)
- Topiramate (Topamax)
Nicotine replacement therapies help reduce cravings during withdrawal.
What is the significance of directly observed therapy (DOT) in tuberculosis treatment?
Ensures patients comply with the prescribed drug regimen to prevent resistance
Noncompliance can lead to the development of resistant strains of TB.
What type of drugs are used to sedate patients on mechanical ventilation?
- Dexmedetomidine (Precedex)
- Propofol (Diprivan)
- Sufentanil (Sufenta)
Sedation is critical for comfort during intubation and ventilation.
What does the term ‘expectant drugs’ refer to?
Drugs that reduce the viscosity of mucus in the lungs
Useful for chronic pulmonary diseases like pneumonia and cystic fibrosis.
True or False: Tuberculosis is one of the world’s deadliest diseases.
True
About one quarter of the world’s population is estimated to be infected with TB.
Fill in the blank: The bacterium responsible for Legionnaire’s disease is __________.
Legionella pneumophilia
This bacterium thrives in standing water and can be distributed through ventilation systems.
What is the function of corticosteroid drugs in treating respiratory distress syndrome?
Decrease inflammation associated with respiratory distress syndrome
Dexamethasone (Decadron) is commonly used for this purpose.
What is the mechanism of action of nicotine antagonist drugs?
Bind to nicotine receptors and block them from being activated by inhaled nicotine
Example: Varenicline (Chantix) also stimulates these receptors weakly.
What is the historical significance of the antibiotic Streptomycin?
Discovered by Selman Waksman, it was effective against tuberculosis
Waksman examined soil samples to find the mold that produced this antibiotic.
