Lecture 12 - Learning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Learning to like two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction (associative learning with feedback)

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

Changing behavioural responses in response to consequences

Question 3

cognitive learning

Answer 3

Learning that can occur without reinforcement and without being directly observable

Question 4

Behaviourism

Answer 4

Mental life was much thought to be less important than behaviour

Question 5

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 5

dogs salivated at the sounds of a bell

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov - Before Conditioning

Answer 6

Neural Stimulus —> No response
Unconditioned stimulus —> Unconditioned response (salivates)

Question 7

Ivan Pavlov - During Conditioning

Answer 7

NS + US —> Unconditioned Response (salivated)

Question 8

Ivan Pavlov - After Conditioning

Answer 8

Conditioned Stimulus —> Conditioned Response (salivated)

Question 9

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 9

Does not trigger a response

Question 10

Unconditioned stimulus/response

Answer 10

Triggers a response naturally, before/without and conditioning

Question 11

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 11

Trigger the learned CR

Question 12

Conditioned Response

Answer 12

Response triggered by the CS

Question 13

Properties of classical conditioning

Answer 13

1. Acquisition
2. Extinction (and spontaneous recovery)
3. Generalization and discrimination

Question 14

Acquisition

Answer 14

• Association between a NS and US
• Timing: for the association to be acquired, the NS needs to repeatedly appear before the US

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

Diminishing of a CR that occurs when CS is presented without the US

Question 16

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 16

After extinction following a rest period, presenting the CS alone often leads to a spontaneous recovery

Question 17

Generalization

Answer 17

Tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli

Question 18

Discrimination

Answer 18

Learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

Involved adjusting to the consequences of our behaviours - functionalism (animals first than human beings)

Question 20

How does operant conditioning work

Answer 20

Behavioural response is followed by a reward or punitive feedback from the environment

Question 21

Reinforced Behaviour

Answer 21

more likely to be tried again

Question 22

Punished behaviour

Answer 22

Less likely to be attempted in the future

Question 23

Positive (additive) reinforcement

Answer 23

Adding something desirable

Question 24

Negative (subtractive) reinforcement

Answer 24

Removing something unpleasant

Question 25

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 25

Acquire desired behaviour quickly

Question 26

Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 26

Target behaviour takes longer to be acquired/stablished but persists longer without a reward

Question 27

how can reinforcements vary

Answer 27

- schedule based on amount of time passed - ratio of rewards per number of instances of the target behaviour

Question 28

Fixed Interval

Answer 28

- Slow, unsustained responding - Rapid near time for reinforcement

Question 29

Variable Interval

Answer 29

Slow, consistent responding

Question 30

Fixed Ratio

Answer 30

High rate of consistent responding (Behaviour is directly linked to response)

Question 31

Variable Ratio

Answer 31

- High rate of consistent responding - very robust and not good for negative behaviour

Question 32

Physical/corporal punishment

Answer 32

- immediately after the behaviour - need to be consistent - explanation for the punishment and what should have been done differently - combined with reinforcement or direct behaviour

Question 33

Behaviourists

Answer 33

Stimulus —> Response - would explain the difference by learning histories

Question 34

Cognitive

Answer 34

Stimulus —> Organism —> Response - Organism interprets the stimulus before responding - would content that the differing reactions stem from how they interpreted the critical in that given situation

Question 35

Observational Learning

Answer 35

- Changed in behaviour occur by watching others (role models) - Without reinforcement - Form of latent learning (not directly and immediately observable)

Question 36

BOBO Doll study

Answer 36

Independent variable: Agressive models, non-agresssive models, no model Dependent variable: Imitation of physical acts, imitation of verbal acts, non-imitative acts