Lecture 17 And 18 - Personality

Question 1

What is Personality

Answer 1

An individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts feelings, and behaviours persisting over time and across situations

Question 2

Psychodynamic Theories

Answer 2

inner conflicts between innate drives and social forces

Question 3

humanist theories

Answer 3

focus on private, subject experiences and personal growth

Question 4

Trait theories

Answer 4

Focus on identifying clusters of traits that can help differentiate people

Question 5

Social learning theories

Answer 5

focus on the role of socialization and mental processes, emphasizes the interaction between the person and environment

Question 6

Psychodynamic approach to personality

Answer 6

Change of perspective
- Physical symptoms could be caused by purely psychological factors
- fascinated by unconscious

Question 7

Id

Answer 7

• At the start of life
• The pleasure principle

Question 8

Ego

Answer 8

• Reality Principle

Question 9

Superego

Answer 9

• Morality principle
• Conscience internalized from parents and society
• age 4 or 5

Question 10

Relation of ego and personality

Answer 10

• Personality emerges from the efforts of our ego that resolves ensign between our id and the superego

Question 11

Psychosexual stages of Freud’s Model

Answer 11

• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latency
• Genital

Question 12

Oral

Answer 12

• 0-18 months
• Pleasure centres on the mouth

Question 13

Anal

Answer 13

• 18-36 months
• Pleasure focused on bowel and bladder elimination (control)

Question 14

Phallic

Answer 14

• 3-6 years
• Pleasure zone is in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Question 15

Latency

Answer 15

• 6-puberty
• dormant of sexual feelings

Question 16

Genital

Answer 16

• puberty-after
• maturation of sexual interests

Question 17

How does the ego protect us

Answer 17

• Reduces anxiety by unconsciously altering reality

Question 18

Denial

Answer 18

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Question 19

Displacement

Answer 19

Shifting sexual or agressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Question 20

Projection

Answer 20

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Question 21

Rationalization

Answer 21

Offering self-justifying explanations in lieu of the real threatening unconscious reasons for one’s action

Question 22

Reaction Formation

Answer 22

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Question 23

Regression

Answer 23

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

Question 24

Psychoanalysis techniques for revealing the unconscious mind

Answer 24

• free association
• Looking for meanings from the “latent” content of dreams or slips of the tongue

Question 25

Projective Tests

Answer 25

- Psychological assessment tools - criticisms

Question 26

Flaws in Freud’s Research

Answer 26

1. Unfalsifiability 2. Unrepresentative sampling 3. Biased Observations 4. explanations afterwards rather than predictions

Question 27

Maslow Understanding of Self-Actualization

Answer 27

- Humans are fundamentally good - Innate drive toward growth - Personality is shaped by needs and pursuit of self-actualisation - motivation by unfulfilled needs - lower needs in hierarchy use be satisfied before higher needs motivate

Question 28

Characteristics of a Self-Actualized Person

Answer 28

- Efficient perception of reality - acceptance of self, others and nature - Not hostile sense of humour - Autonomy - Profound interpersonal relationships - Peak experiences

Question 29

Rogers’ person-centred perspective

Answer 29

- Personality results from one’s sense of self - consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about oneself - includes both who you are and who you want to be - maladjustment results from a mismatch between the actual and ideal selves

Question 30

Conditions that facilitate growth

Answer 30

- Unconditional Positive REgard - Empathic understanding - Genuineness

Question 31

How to strive for a congruent self

Answer 31

Active listening

Question 32

Can humanism lead to too much self-centredness

Answer 32

Self acceptance and self-actualisation do not encourage self-transcendence but self-centredness

Question 33

Trait

Answer 33

An enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way

Question 34

Big 5 personality Factors

Answer 34

1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

Question 35

Personality Inventory

Answer 35

Questionnaire assessing many personality traits - standardizing - scaling - standard norming data

Question 36

Myers Briggs

Answer 36

Examines Personality - 16 types of - Extraversion or Introversion - Sensing or Intuition - Thinking or feeling - Judging or Perceiving

Question 37

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 37

Full atheoretical based on patterns in the data using factor analysis - 335 items to rate

Question 38

MMPI scales

Answer 38

- Clinical Scales - Validity Scales - Supplemental Scales

Question 39

How do we interpret and respond to external events and social situations

Answer 39

Memories, schemas and our expectations

Question 40

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 40

Personality, thoughts, social environment all reinforce/cause each other over time

Question 41

The self

Answer 41

- Assumes to be the centre of personality by socio-cognitive approaches - repositories of our memories, schemas and expectations used to interpret situations

Question 42

Self-esteem

Answer 42

Value of Self, increased self-esteem has been observed to buffer inflammatory responses to acute stress