Lecture 12- Versailles and after Flashcards
(23 cards)
What was Wilson’s approach to peace during 1917-1918?
Peace without victory
Wilson emphasized the need for a fair peace settlement rather than one that imposed harsh penalties on the defeated powers.
What were the main points of Wilson’s ‘14 Points’?
- Open covenants openly arrived at
- Freedom of seas
- Removal of economic barriers
- Reduction of armaments
- A general association of nations
These points were intended to outline a framework for peace and self-determination.
When did Bulgaria accept the armistice during World War I?
29 September 1918
What was the significance of the abdication of the Kaiser on 9 November 1918?
It marked the end of the German monarchy and the beginning of a socialist revolution.
What was the Paris Peace Conference’s duration?
18 January 1919 to 21 January 1920
Which countries were part of the Council of Ten at the Paris Peace Conference?
- United States
- Britain
- France
- Italy
- Japan
Key leaders included Wilson (US), Lloyd George (Britain), Clemenceau (France), Orlando (Italy), and Saionji (Japan).
What did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?
War guilt clause, territorial losses, military restrictions, reparations
The treaty aimed to hold Germany accountable for the war and to prevent future conflicts.
What was the reparations amount specified by the 1921 Reparations Commission?
132 billion gold marks ($31.5 billion)
Fill in the blank: The Treaty of _______ abolished the Ottoman Empire.
Sèvres
What was the Dawes Plan?
A plan to stabilize the German economy and restructure reparations payments
It involved fixed payments for five years and initial loans from British and American banks.
What was the result of the Wall Street crash in October 1929?
Banks collapsed and demand in the economy fell dramatically
True or False: The Treaty of Versailles included provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe.
False
What was the main consequence of the harsh peace imposed on Germany?
Stirred up nationalist rivalries and facilitated imperial expansion
What was the impact of the League of Nations mandates on former Ottoman territories?
They were classified into ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’ mandates depending on their capacity for self-government
This led to the expansion of British and French empires.
What did the Young Plan of 1929 accomplish?
Reduced reparations from 132 billion gold marks to 121 billion gold marks
How did the failure to enforce the Treaty of Versailles contribute to its consequences?
The absence of the US and Soviet Union doomed it to failure
This lack of enforcement led to rising tensions and conflicts in Europe.
What major political change occurred in Germany on 9 November 1918?
The declaration of the Weimar Republic
What was one of the main challenges faced by the Weimar Republic?
Political instability and lack of majority among political parties
No party had a majority, leading to fragmented governance.
What economic crisis did Germany face in 1923?
Hyperinflation due to reparations and economic mismanagement
What was the significance of the Locarno Treaty in 1925?
It established borders between Germany, France, and Belgium and was seen as a step towards peace.
Fill in the blank: The _______ crisis in Europe began in 1931.
Banking
Which plan aimed to stabilize the German economy and led to international cooperation?
Dawes Plan
What was the effect of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?
Worsened the economic situation by increasing average tariffs
