Lecture 13 10/21/24 Flashcards
(42 cards)
What are the predisposing factors for bacterial pneumonia?
-viral resp. diseases
-athletic events
-recent long trailer rides
-immunologic compromise
-anesthesia
-pharyngeal/laryngeal dysfunction
-esophageal obstruction
-EIPH
When does bacterial pneumonia occur?
-when bacteria are aspirated
-when bacterial infection is secondary to viral disease
Which gram-pos. species are associated with bacterial pneumonia?
-Strep. zooepidemicus
-Strep. pneumoniae
-Staph. aureus
Which gram-neg. species are associated with bacterial pneumonia?
E. coli
-Klebsiella pneumoniae
-Pasteurella spp.
-Actinobacillus spp.
Which anaerobes are associated with bacterial pneumonia?
-Clostridium
-Fusobacterium
-Bacteroides fragilis
What are the clinical signs of bacterial pneumonia?
-fever
-depression
-anorexia
-exercise intolerance
-tracheal sounds
-coughing
-nasal discharge
-resp distress
-weight loss
What sounds can be heard on auscultation in bacterial pneumonia patients?
-crackles/alveoli snapping open
-wheezes/air passing over fluid
-absence of breath sounds
What clinical pathology data is associated with bacterial pneumonia?
-hyperfibrinogenemia
-neutrophilia +/- left shift
-neutropenia in gram-neg infections
-hyperglobulinemia
What changes on blood gas are seen with bacterial pneumonia?
-low pH/acidosis
-low pO2/hypoxia
-increased pCO2/resp. acidosis
-potentially increased pHCO3/metabolic alkalosis (compensatory)
Which procedures are used to diagnose bacterial pneumonia?
-endoscopic examination
-transtracheal wash/bronchoalveolar lavage
-cytology and culture
What changes can be seen on radiographs with bacterial pneumonia?
-increased bronchial and/or interstitial patterns
-air bronchograms
What findings on ultrasound can be indicative of bacterial pneumonia?
-comet tails
-abscesses
-consolidation
-hepatisation
-pleural fluid
What are the types of treatment for bacterial pneumonia?
-primary: directed at causative agent
-secondary: directed at response to causative agent
-supportive: directed at total patient
What is the primary treatment for bacterial pneumonia?
-antimicrobial therapy
-based on culture/sensitivity, knowledge of common organisms, or trial and error
What must be considered when using antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia treatment?
-dose, duration, interval, and route
-continue treatment until symptoms attenuate for 7-10 days
-understand common microbial agents
-broad vs narrow spectrum
-adverse side effects of the drugs
-frequently monitoring clinical signs
Which antibiotics are first choice for bacterial pneumonia and used in a hospital setting?
-aminoglycosides
-beta-lactams
-cephalosporins
Which antibiotics are second choice for bacterial pneumonia and used for at home therapy?
-tetracyclines
-potentiated sulfonamides
Which antibiotics are the “big guns” for bacterial pneumonia treatment?
-fluoroquinolones
-macrolides
-chloramphenicol
Which antibiotic is used for anaerobic bacterial pneumonia?
metronidazole
When should antibiotic therapy be changed?
-temp. spikes after 24-48 hours
-no improvement in clinical signs
-adverse side effects occur
-lab support indicates resistance
What are the goals of secondary treatment for bacterial pneumonia?
-reduce/eliminate airway obstruction
-reduce/eliminate undesirable inflammatory reaction
-improve alveolar-vascular oxygen exchange
-provide immune enhancement
What are the components of secondary treatment for bacterial pneumonia?
-mucolysis and expectoration
-bronchodilation
-copage/breaking up mucus
-anti-inflammatory therapy
-immunologic enhancement
-oxygen therapy via insufflation
What are the supportive therapies for bacterial pneumonia?
-rest
-stress reduction
-nutrition
-adequate ventilation
-hydration
Which viruses are involved in viral pneumonia?
-EHV1
-EHV4
-EHV5
-equine influenza virus
-equine viral arteritis
