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FA2 Respiratory > Lecture 25 11/18/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 11/18/24 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is included in upper airway localization?

A

-nasal passages
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-mainstem bronchi

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2
Q

Where does rhinitis localize to?

A

nasal passages

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3
Q

What is the diagnostic approach for nasal disease?

A

-exam and history
-clinicopathologic data
-radiology/CT scan
-scoping
-cytology/biopsy and culture

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4
Q

What are the potential causes of feline rhinitis?

A

-infectious
-immune mediated and/or inflammatory
-neoplastic
-dental/oral pathology
-foreign body

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5
Q

What are the infectious etiologies of feline rhinitis?

A

-feline rhinotracheitis virus/feline herpes
-feline calicivirus
-Chlamydia felis
-Mycoplasma spp.
-Bordetella spp.
-influenza virus

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of feline rhinotracheitis virus?

A

-unusual to have concurrent lower resp. problems
-generally more severe URT signs
-most cats exposed in their lifetime
-most infected cats develop latent infection in trigeminal ganglia

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of feline calicivirus?

A

-many strains with differing antigenicity and pathogenicity
-associated with oral ulcerations
-carrier state exists in absence of clinical signs

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma felis?

A

-normal flora
-primary opportunistic pathogen
-typically only causes upper resp. tract disease
-culture and PCR often necessary for diagnosis

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9
Q

Which pathogens are common in coviral upper resp. infections in cats?

A

-FVR
-calicivirus
-FeLV
-FIV

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10
Q

Which bacteria is commonly found in feline upper resp. coinfections?

A

Chlamydia

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11
Q

What are the methods of transmission for feline upper resp. pathogens?

A

-direct
-indirect
-aerosol

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12
Q

Which factors impact the severity of URI clinical signs in cats?

A

-infecting dose and strain
-general health of cat
-pre-existing immunity

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of an acute viral URI in cats?

A

-sneezing
-nasal discharge
-ocular signs
-pharyngitis/laryngitis
-drooling/gagging
-possible fever

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14
Q

How does FRV differ from feline calicivirus?

A

FRV:
-affinity for conjunctiva, upper airway epithelium, and cornea
-causes ocular problems
Calici:
-affinity for lung and oral mucosa
-causes pneumonia and oral ulcers
-less virulent
-may affect joint and cause limping

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the course of infection for URI in cats?

A

-high morbidity for all etiologies
-higher mortality if cat is < 6 months old
-secondary bact. infections common
-disease course of 1-4 weeks depending on virus

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of virulent calicivirus?

A

-more common in adult, vaccinated cats
-can persist in environment for 28 days
-outbreaks appear self-limiting
-awareness and isolation required
-killed vaccine may help

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of virulent calicivirus?

A

-fever
-URI
-oral ulcers
-nasal discharge
-ocular signs
-facial edema
-paw edema
-dermatitis on face, pinnae, and feet

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic viral infections?

A

-predispose animal to opportunistic bacterial infections
-can damage epithelium and cause osteolysis of nasal turbinates without deformity of facial bones/soft palate

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic FRV/herpes infection?

A

-almost all cats infected become chronic carriers
-periods of latency interspersed with episodes of infectious viral shedding
-shedding begins 1 week after stress and continues for another week

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic calicivirus infection?

A

-continuous excretion from carrier cats
-may recover spontaneously
-most shed for 30 days prior to recovery
-carriers have individual amounts of virus shedding

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21
Q

What is the diagnostic approach for acute viral infection?

A

-history/PE
-conjunctival smears and IFA
-viral cultures
-viral PCR panels

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22
Q

What is the diagnostic approach for chronic viral infection?

A

-signs may persist due to mucosal damage and secondary bact. infection; may not find virus
-diagnosed through elimination
-history/clinical signs
-CT/rhinoscopy and biopsy

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23
Q

What are the treatment steps for acute viral URI?

A

-oral or nasogastric tube for nutritional support
-humidification of air
-possible decongestants
-fluids
-pain management
-ocular medication
-antibiotics for secondary bact. infections

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24
Q

How is pneumonia secondary to a URI treated?

A

-supplemental oxygen
-antibiotics
-nutritional support
-hospitalization

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25
Which medications are used for treatment of ocular herpes?
-trifluoridine -cidofovir -antibiotics for secondary bact. infection
26
What is important about famciclovir?
can be used for severe, recurrent, or persistent disease; or if cat displays severe conjunctivitis, facial dermatitis, or keratitis
27
What is the treatment approach for chronic URI?
-broad spectrum antibiotics for secondary bact. infections -identifying/ruling out other underlying comorbidities -supportive care
28
What are the characteristics of intranasal vaccination and its impact on URI?
-improvement of clinical signs found when intranasal vx used in cats with chronic URI -potential dampening of pathogenic viral strains
29
What is the prognosis for acute URI in cats?
-good with supportive care in kittens -good to excellent in adult cats -potential for development of chronic infection
30
What is the prognosis for chronic URI in cats?
-usually not able to resolve -requires long term support/management in many cases
31
What are the characteristics of maternal antibodies and URI?
-interfere with vx responses -variable duration; 2-10 weeks for FRV, 10-14 weeks for calicivirus -kittens may be susceptible to disease beginning at 1 month of age
32
Which vaccines are considered core for cats?
-rabies -FVRCP -FeLV in cats < 1 year of age
33
Which vaccines are available for FVRCP?
-attenuated live -canarypox-vectored -inactivated -intranasal
34
What are the characteristics of the intranasal FVRCP vx?
-stimulates local immunity -not blocked by maternal antibodies -rapid onset of protection -may cause clinical signs
35
What are the characteristics of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
-can be isolated in healthy cats -shed in oral and nasal secretions of infected cats -risk factors involve stress, overcrowding, and coinfections -signs include sneezing, mild upper resp. signs, pneumonia, dyspnea, cyanosis, and death
36
What are the characteristics of Chlamydia felis?
-chronic, mucopurulent conjunctivitis -hyperemia of nictitating membrane -blepharospasm -no corneal involvement -can infect epithelial cells of ocular, resp, GI and repro. systems
37
Which fungal species can cause fungal rhinitis in cats?
-Cryptococcus neoformans -Cryptococcus gatti -histo -blasto -aspergillis
38
What are the characteristics of Cryptococcus?
-more common in cats than dogs -yeast-like fungus with large capsule -associated with bird droppings
39
What is the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus?
-most likely acquired through inhalation -may disseminate -capsule contributes to virulence
40
What is the clinical presentation of Cryptococcus?
-animal is bright and alert -copious mucopurulent nasal discharge -sneezing -noisy or open-mouth breathing -can have nasal, CNS, cutaneous, or systemic presentation
41
What are the nasal clinical signs of Cryptococcus?
-granulomatous tissue that fills nasal cavity -lesion may break through bone and form swellings on bridge of nose or palate
42
What are the ocular clinical signs of Cryptococcus?
-epiphora due to compression of nasolacrimal duct -granulomatous chorioretinitis -retinal detachment -blindness
43
How is Cryptococcus diagnosed?
-antigen test (preferred) -antibody test -histopath/cytology -PCR -fungal isolation
44
What is the treatment for Cryptococcus?
fluconazole or itraconazole for many months; monitoring therapy success with antigen test
45
How do gingivitis and dental disease relate to rhinitis?
-periodontal disease and profound gingival proliferation may be associated with Calicivirus carrier states -virus causes persisting line of gingival reddening
46
What are the characteristics of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?
-chronic rhinosinusitis -unknown etiology -often refractory to treatment -can only be diagnosed via biopsy
47
What are the characteristics of rhinitis caused by neoplasia?
-lymphoma most common, followed by adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma -lymphoma treated with chemo and radiation -other tumors treated with radiation only -NSAIDs may help treat adenocarcinoma
48
What are the characteristics of nasopharyngeal polyps?
-non-neoplastic inflammatory nodules that are most common in young cats -originate in middle ear or auditory canal and grow out through nasopharynx -disrupt normal flow of secretions
49
What are the potential causes of canine rhinitis/sinusitis?
-fungal -bacterial -parasitic -viral -allergic -ciliary dyskinesia -foreign body -oral disease -neoplasia -epistaxis
50
Which fungi can cause canine rhinitis/sinusitis?
-blasto -histo -aspergillosis -cryptococcus
51
What are the characteristics of Aspergillosis?
-causes chronic nasal discharge, sneezing, and changes in nasal planum color -local nasal immune dysfunction suspected -turbinate/bone destruction can extend through cribriform plate and into brain
52
What is the signalment of nasal aspergillosis cases?
-mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic breeds -young to middle aged -males > females -immunocompetent and healthy
53
How is nasal aspergillosis diagnosed?
-CT with rhinoscopy -cytology/biopsy -culture of plaques -serology; low sensitivity
54
What is the treatment for fungal rhinitis/sinusitis?
-trephination and local debridement -topical infusion of antifungal
55
What are the characteristics of bacterial rhinitis in dogs?
-primary chronic bacterial rhinitis is not common -rule out underlying diseases and predisposing factors -Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma cynos can be isolated from both sick and healthy dogs -Strep. equi zooepidemicus can cause chronic rhinitis and/or severe bronchopneumonia
56
Which species can cause parasitic canine rhinitis?
-Pneumonyssus caninum -Eucoleus bohemia
57
Which viruses are implicated in viral canine rhinitis?
-canine distemper virus -herpesvirus
58
What are the characteristics of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in dogs?
-unknown cause -seen in young to middle age dogs -causes nasal discharge, stertor, and dyspnea -diagnosed via biopsy -ideal treatment is unknown
59
What are the characteristics of rhinitis caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia?
-inherited disease of defective ciliary function and poor mucus clearance -recurrent infections of the airways leads to rhinitis, bronchopneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis
60
What are the characteristics of rhinitis caused by foreign body?
-FB can be inhaled or coughed up -can be acute or chronic -inflammatory/infectious causation -removed with scope, flush, or surgery
61
What are the characteristics of rhinitis caused by oral disease in dogs?
-want to do complete oral and dental exam -may require anesthesia and dental rads to diagnose -want to look in back of mouth for foreign bodies
62
What are the characteristics of rhinitis caused by cancer in dogs?
-major cause of chronic nasal discharge in older dogs -carcinomas occur more often than sarcomas -need biopsy to diagnose -surgery and radiation to treat
63
What are the local etiologies of epistaxis?
-trauma -foreign body -tumor -infections
64
What are the systemic etiologies of epistaxis?
-coagulopathy -thrombocytopenia/platelet function disorder -hyperviscosity syndrome -vasculitis -systemic hypertension
65
What is the diagnostic plan for epistaxis?
-history -PE with blood pressure readings -platelets/coag. profile -total protein -buccal mucosal bleeding time -general nasal workup
66
What is the treatment for epistaxis?
-sedatives -cage rest -epinephrine or phenylephrine -packing of internal and external nares -ice pack on nasal planum

FA2 Respiratory (32 decks)

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