Lecture 13

Question 1

What is sterilization?

Answer 1

killing of all living organisms

Question 2

What is disinfection?

Answer 2

killing or removal of pathogens from inanimate objects

Question 3

What is antisepsis?

Answer 3

killing or removal of pathogens from the surface of living tissues

Question 4

What is sanitation?

Answer 4

reducing the microbial population to safe levels

Question 5

What is degerming?

Answer 5

washing hands

Question 6

What is the D-value?

Answer 6

decimal reduction time, the length of time it takes to kill 90% of microbial population

Question 7

What are the physical methods of control?

Answer 7

heat, cool, pressure, desiccation, and radiation

Question 8

What is more effective in killing cells: dry or moist heat?

Answer 8

moist

Question 9

What is the steam autoclave?

Answer 9

a combination of high pressure and temperature; ex, canning

Question 10

What is pasteurization?

Answer 10

uses a different combination of time and heat; HTST is used for milk

Question 11

What is filtration?

Answer 11

micropore filters that remove microbial cells but not viruses from solutions, used for cells that cannot be heated

Question 12

What are better penetrating power UV or Gamma rays?

Answer 12

Gamma rays

Question 13

What resistants do bacteria develop towards disinfectants?

Answer 13

lipid envelop, biofilm, and efflux pumps

Question 14

What is broad spectrum antibiotics?

Answer 14

effective against species

Question 15

What are narrow spectrum antibiotics?

Answer 15

effective against few or single species

Question 16

What are bactericidal antibiotics?

Answer 16

kill target organisms

Question 17

What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Answer 17

they do not kill organisms but prevent growth

Question 18

What is the problem with broad spectrum antibiotics?

Answer 18

they may kill helpful species and not drug-resistant pathogens

Question 19

What antibacterial agents target the cell wall?

Answer 19

penicillin and vancomycin

Question 20

What antibacterial agents target the plasma membrane?

Answer 20

polymyxins and lipopeptides

Question 21

What antibacterial agents target the ribosomes?

Answer 21

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol

Question 22

What antibacterial agents target the DNA synthesis?

Answer 22

fluoroquiolones (drugs ending in floxacin)

Question 23

What antibacterial agents target the metabolic pathways?

Answer 23

folic acid synthesis, mycolic acid synthesis

Question 24

How does penicillin block cell wall synthesis?

Answer 24

binds to binding proteins and block chain elongation

Question 25

How does vancomycin block cell wall synthesis?

Answer 25

blocks transpeptide bond formation

Question 26

How do antibiotics target ribosomes?

Answer 26

inhibit transcription, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis

Question 27

What is the mode of action for cells that target the cell membrane?

Answer 27

extract LPS, membrane proteins, and phospholipids, poke holes in membrane

Question 28

What is the mode of action for cells that target replication?

Answer 28

inhibit RNA polymerase blocking translation and fluoroquinolone block DNA replication

Question 29

What is the mode of action for cells that target metabolism?

Answer 29

block synthesis of folic acid and block mycobacterial ATP synthase