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MICR 2420 Part 2 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the differentiation of the lymphoid stem cell.

A

Lymphoid stem cell differentiates into a natural killer cell and a small lymphoid cell. The small lymphoid cell differentiates into a T and B cell then into plasma

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2
Q

What cells are part of the innate system?

A

In order of differentiation: myeloid stem cells, leukocytes, granulocytes, and agranulocytes

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3
Q

What cells are considered granulocytes?

A

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

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4
Q

What is the function of basophils and eosinophils?

A

to release toxins that poison microbes

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5
Q

What is the function of neutrophils and monocytes?

A

to engulf and destroy microbes by phagocytosis

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6
Q

What is the product of monocytes differentiation?

A

macrophages and dendrites

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7
Q

What cells are considered a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

macrophages and dendrites

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8
Q

Describe the process that neutrophils undergo when killing microbes.

A

they undergo cell death called netosis so they can spread antimicrobials and trap microbes in nets

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9
Q

What is a normal vs. elevated leukocyte count?

A

normal: 4500 - 11 000, elavated: 12 000 - 30 000

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10
Q

What is the percentage of basophiles, eosinophiles, monocytes, neutrophiles, and lymphocytes in the blood?

A

> 1%, 1-3%, 3-7%, 54 - 62%, and 25 - 33%

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11
Q

How do natural killer cells destroy infectous cells?

A

it recognizes cells that do not have the MHC class 1 antigen, then attaches and releases perforins and granzyme toxins to destroy cell membrane

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12
Q

What is the process of phagocytes eating cells?

A

it recognizes microbe via receptors and traps the microbe within a phagosome vesicle. Phagosome then fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. Finally, the phagolysosome is destroyed and pieces of the destroyed microbes are expelled from the cell

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13
Q

How do phagocytes kill the phagolysosome in the oxygen-independent pathway?

A

uses defence/ antimicrobial peptides, iron sequestering proteins, and other enzymes

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14
Q

How do phagocytes kill the phagolysosome in the oxygen-dependent pathway?

A

uses toxic ROS and RNS to create an oxidative burst in the phagolysosome

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15
Q

How do phagocytes recognize invaders?

A

recognizes microbes that lack the CD47 glycoprotein, the innate immune system can help by tagging damaged microbes with C3b, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize PAMPs

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16
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

PRRs that recognize PAMPs and cause host cell to release cytokines, and induces production of antimicrobial

17
Q

Describe TLR4.

A

recognizes bacterial PAMPs such as LPS and heat shock response proteins

18
Q

Describe NLRP4.

A

recognizes bacterial and viral PAMPs such as peptidoglycan, CpG, and dsRNA

19
Q

What process can prevent phagocytosis?

A

some bacteria inhibit phagosome-lysozyme fusion, capsules and bioflims mask PAMPs

20
Q

How is inflammation developed cellularly?

A

damaged cells secrete bradykin which stimulates cells to degranulates and release histamine, histamine increases the permeability of cell wall and then prostaglandin is released

21
Q

How does the body react to chronic inflammation?

A

the body walls off the site of inflammation by forming a granuloma

22
Q

What cells are fevers induced by?

A

pyrogens which stimulate prostaglandin production

23
Q

What cells are the link between the adaptive and innate immune system?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

24
Q

What stems cells are specifically associated with the innate and adaptive immune system?

A

myeloid: innate
lymphoid: adaptive

25
Q

What cells are found in both the adaptive and innate immune system?

A

natural killer cells

26
Q

What may cause an elevation of neutrophils within the body?

A

bacterial infection

27
Q

What may cause an elevation of basophils within the body?

A

Allergies

28
Q

What may cause an elevation of eosinophils within the body?

A

parasitic infection

29
Q

What may cause an elevation of lymphocytes within the body?

A

viral infection

30
Q

What may cause an elevation of monocytes within the body?

A

chronic infection

31
Q

What is the difference between PRRs and PAMPs?

A

immune system cells have PRRs to enhance phagocytosis, PAMPs are the located on pathogen and are what the PRRs recognize on the pathogen

32
Q

What do antigens stimulate?

A

B cells to differentiate into antibody producing cells

33
Q

What is the difference between epitopes and antigens?

A

an epitope is the part of the antigen to which antibodies bind

MICR 2420 Part 2 (18 decks)

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