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BIOL 1090 Final > Lecture 13 - Cell Basics > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Cell Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are the fundamental

A

unit of life

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2
Q

The cell theory (1,2,3)

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
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3
Q

cells are highly ____ and ____

A

complex and organized

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4
Q

cells are actively controlled by a ______ program

A

genetic

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5
Q

cells can ______ and make copies of themselves

A

reproduce

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6
Q

cells can assimilate and utilize _____

A

energy

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7
Q

carry out many ______ reactions (enzymes)

A

chemical

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8
Q

the cell engages in _______ activities

A

mechanical

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9
Q

the cell can respond to ______

A

stimuli eg neurotransmitters always firing

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10
Q

cells are capable of _______

A

SELF-REGULATION

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11
Q

evolving

A

a basic property of all cells.

Multiple mechanisms of adaptation in higher eukaryotes.

Bacteria (and fungi) also evolve (develop antimicrobial resistance)

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12
Q

Information

A

needed to Make a CELL

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13
Q

All cells possess_____, the hereditary material of _____, and ______, which
provides the information necessary to _____ various ______

A

DNA, genes, RNA, build, proteins

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14
Q

The cells primary machinery

A

enzymes, kinases, receptors

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15
Q

Genetic information passed on from
one cell to the next during….

A

cell division/growth for all life forms

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16
Q

Replication rate:

A

bacteria < fungi (yeast) < higher eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

During development, most cells in
multicellular organisms (e.g., animals
and plants) will become specialized

A

through the process of
differentiation

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18
Q

The information is therefore important not only to make a cell, but
also to create

A

different specific cell
types.

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18
Q

QUESTION:

Which one of these cell types lacks a cell nucleus and therefore have no
DNA?

A) Glia cells — a no n-neuronal brain cell type

B) Red blood cells — cell delivering oxygen to body tissues

C) Osteoblasts — cells that make bones

D) Corneal keratocytes —cells that make the transparent front part of
the eye

A

B) Red blood cells — cell delivering oxygen to body tissues

(kicked out the nucleus to carry the max amount of O2, consider the disk like shape/ concave form in the middle where nucleus is missing)

19
Q

Maturing red blood cells undergo _______ eject their nucleus

A

enucleation

20
Q

Because of the _____ _____ ____ and _____, mature red blood cells do not contain _____ and cannot _______ any _____

A

lack of nuclei, organelles, DNA, synthesize, RNA

21
Q

red blood cells _____ ______ and have _______ _______ _______

A

cannot divide, limited repair capabilities

22
Q

This feature of red blood cells evolved to accommodate maximum ________ carrying capacity

A

hemoglobin

23
Q

Differentiation also present in ______

A

microbes (e.g., life cycle of fungi)

24
Q

Chemistry is needed

A

to make a cell. eg Amino
acids, lipids and nucleic acids

25
Q

Chemical origin of life =

A

ABIOGENESIS

26
Q

primordial soup hypothesis =

A

putative conditions on the primitive Earth favored chemical reactions that
synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors.

27
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment (1952)
___ ______ ______ is a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions
thought to exist on the early Earth and to test the ______ ______ ____ ______
under those conditions.

A

Pre-biotic chemistry, chemical origin of life

28
Q

Simple organic
compound =

A

energy + chemical compounds (N2, NH3, H2, CO2, etc.)

29
Q

Amino acids can be generated in
conditions that

A

mimic those of the early Earth

30
Q

amino acids are the building

A

blocks of proteins

31
Q

Later experiments have shown that other chemical reactions can
generate

A

simple sugars, bases found in nucleotides, and lipids needed to form primitive membranes

32
Q

compartments are needed to

A

make a cell

33
Q

compartments are usually defined by

A

single or double lipid layer membrane

34
Q

Examples of cellular compartments include

A

mitochondria,
chloroplasts, the cell nucleus, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

Compartments are fundamental in

A

Establishing physical boundaries that enable the cell to carry out different metabolic activities

Generate a micro-
environment to spatially and temporally regulate biological processes.

36
Q

Two MAIN cell types

A

Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

37
Q

The distinction between _____ and _____ is considered to be the
most important distinction among groups of organisms

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

38
Q

most of lifes diversity and most of its deep evolutionary history is….

A

microbial

39
Q

Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until

A

more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution

40
Q

found in extreme environments
(Yellowstone hot spring; Dead Sea; etc.)

A

Archaea

41
Q

ubiquitous habitats (soil,
water, animals, plants, etc.)

A

Bacteria

42
Q

typical Features of a Prokaryotic Cell

A
  • Single-cell organism
  • Size: 1-10μm
  • Ribosomes are present but smaller
  • Reproduce sexually and
    asexually
  • No nucleus or organelles
  • Genetic material found in
    nucleoid (means nucleus-
    like)
    – DNA arranged in a circular chromosome and often circular plasmids
    (extrachromosomal DNA)
43
Q

Organisms that have eukaryotic cells include (4)

A

protozoa, fungi, plants, and
animals

44
Q

Typical Features of an Eukaryotic Cell

A
  • Found in multicellular organisms, but can be unicellular as well (e.g., yeasts, protozoa)
  • Size: typically 10-100μm
  • Nucleus contains genetic
    material arranged in linear
    chromosomes
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Ribosomes are larger
45
Q

animal vs plant cell characteristics

A

Plasma Membrane
Mitochondria
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleus & Chromatin
smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi Complex
Secretory Vesicles
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Lysosomes
Microvilli
Cell Walls
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Plasmodesmata

BIOL 1090 Final (10 decks)

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